A task to assess behavioral pattern separation (BPS) in humans: Data from healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment.
TL;DR: The BPS-O task provides a sensitive measure for observing changes in memory performance across the lifespan and may be useful for the early detection of memory impairments that may provide an early signal of later development to mild cognitive impairment.
About: This article is published in Neuropsychologia.The article was published on 2013-10-01 and is currently open access. It has received 408 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Recognition memory.
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TL;DR: Recent progress in cognitive, imaging, and biomarker outcomes in the field of preclinical Alzheimer's disease, and the remaining gaps in knowledge are highlighted.
563 citations
Cites methods from "A task to assess behavioral pattern..."
..., 2014), but also includes several novel participant-reported outcomes and computerized testing on an iPad using CogState technology augmented with two episodic memory measures developed on the basis of the cognitive neuroscience and fMRI literature (Rentz et al., 2013; Stark et al., 2013)....
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...…et al., 2014), but also includes several novel participant-reported outcomes and computerized testing on an iPad using CogState technology augmented with two episodic memory measures developed on the basis of the cognitive neuroscience and fMRI literature (Rentz et al., 2013; Stark et al., 2013)....
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TL;DR: This review summarizes the recent research regarding the process of adult neurogenesis from different perspectives, with particular emphasis on the differentiation and development of new neurons, the regulation of the process by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, and their ultimate function in the hippocampus circuit.
Abstract: Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus is a notable process due not only to its uniqueness and potential impact on cognition but also to its localized vertical integration of different scales of neu...
523 citations
TL;DR: Aerobic exercise in young adults can induce vascular plasticity in the hippocampus, a critical region for recall and recognition memory, and whether healthy older adults also show such plasticity is investigated.
Abstract: Aerobic exercise in young adults can induce vascular plasticity in the hippocampus, a critical region for recall and recognition memory. In a mechanistic proof-of-concept intervention over 3 months, we investigated whether healthy older adults (60-77 years) also show such plasticity. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and volume (rCBV) were measured with gadolinium-based perfusion imaging (3 Tesla magnetic resonance image (MRI)). Hippocampal volumes were assessed by high-resolution 7 Tesla MRI. Fitness improvement correlated with changes in hippocampal perfusion and hippocampal head volume. Perfusion tended to increase in younger, but to decrease in older individuals. The changes in fitness, hippocampal perfusion and volume were positively related to changes in recognition memory and early recall for complex spatial objects. Path analyses indicated that fitness-related changes in complex object recognition were modulated by hippocampal perfusion. These findings indicate a preserved capacity of the aging human hippocampus for functionally relevant vascular plasticity, which decreases with progressing age.
278 citations
TL;DR: Data support a dysfunctional encoding mechanism detected by fMRI in individuals with aMCI and therapeutic intervention using fMRI to detect target engagement in response to treatment, as well as predictions based on the computational functions of the DG/CA3 elucidated in basic animal research.
234 citations
Cites background or result from "A task to assess behavioral pattern..."
...Patients with aMCI have shown further worsening in memory impairment on lure items compared to age-matched controls (Stark et al., 2013; Yassa et al., 2011b), as observed in the current investigation....
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...…demonstrates that elderly participantsmake fewer correct responses of ‘similar’ indicative of pattern separation, while increasing errors that reflect pattern completion, e.g. judging lure items as ‘old’ repeats (Lacy et al., 2011; Stark et al., 2013; Toner et al., 2009; Yassa et al., 2011b)....
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TL;DR: The cognitive assessments used for the detection of Alzheimer's disease in humans and rodent models of familial Alzheimer’s disease are discussed, and their value for unraveling the mechanism underlying the development of cognitive impairments and dementia are discussed.
177 citations
Cites background from "A task to assess behavioral pattern..."
...Amnestic MCI patients have impairment in pattern separation meaning that they have difficulty discriminating the image of an old object from a similar but new lure object (Yassa et al., 2010, Stark et al., 2013)....
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References
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TL;DR: Patients who meet the criteria for MCI can be differentiated from healthy control subjects and those with very mild AD, and appear to constitute a clinical entity that can be characterized for treatment interventions.
Abstract: Background Subjects with a mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have a memory impairment beyond that expected for age and education yet are not demented. These subjects are becoming the focus of many prediction studies and early intervention trials. Objective To characterize clinically subjects with MCI cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Design A prospective, longitudinal inception cohort. Setting General community clinic. Participants A sample of 76 consecutively evaluated subjects with MCI were compared with 234 healthy control subjects and 106 patients with mild Alzheimer disease (AD), all from a community setting as part of the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Center/Alzheimer's Disease Patient Registry, Rochester, Minn. Main Outcome Measures The 3 groups of individuals were compared on demographic factors and measures of cognitive function including the Mini-Mental State Examination, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised, Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised, Dementia Rating Scale, Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, and Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Clinical classifications of dementia and AD were determined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke–Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria, respectively. Results The primary distinction between control subjects and subjects with MCI was in the area of memory, while other cognitive functions were comparable. However, when the subjects with MCI were compared with the patients with very mild AD, memory performance was similar, but patients with AD were more impaired in other cognitive domains as well. Longitudinal performance demonstrated that the subjects with MCI declined at a rate greater than that of the controls but less rapidly than the patients with mild AD. Conclusions Patients who meet the criteria for MCI can be differentiated from healthy control subjects and those with very mild AD. They appear to constitute a clinical entity that can be characterized for treatment interventions.
8,255 citations
TL;DR: The Clinical Dementia Rating (CRD) was developed for a prospective study of mild senile dementia—Alzheimer type (SDAT), and was found to distinguish unambiguously among older subjects with a wide range of cognitive function.
Abstract: Accurate clinical staging of dementia in older subjects has not previously been achieved despite the use of such methods as psychometric testing, behavioural rating, and various combinations of simpler psychometric and behavioural evaluations The Clinical Dementia Rating (CRD), a global rating device, was developed for a prospective study of mild senile dementia--Alzheimer type (SDAT) Reliability, validity, and correlational data are discussed The CRD was found to distinguish unambiguously among older subjects with a wide range of cognitive function, from healthy to severely impaired
6,428 citations
TL;DR: The account presented here suggests that memories are first stored via synaptic changes in the hippocampal system, that these changes support reinstatement of recent memories in the neocortex, that neocortical synapses change a little on each reinstatement, and that remote memory is based on accumulated neocorticals changes.
Abstract: Damage to the hippocampal system disrupts recent memory but leaves remote memory intact. The account presented here suggests that memories are first stored via synaptic changes in the hippocampal system, that these changes support reinstatement of recent memories in the neocortex, that neocortical synapses change a little on each reinstatement, and that remote memory is based on accumulated neocortical changes. Models that learn via changes to connections help explain this organization. These models discover the structure in ensembles of items if learning of each item is gradual and interleaved with learning about other items. This suggests that the neocortex learns slowly to discover the structure in ensembles of experiences. The hippocampal system permits rapid learning of new items without disrupting this structure, and reinstatement of new memories interleaves them with others to integrate them into structured neocortical memory systems.
4,288 citations
TL;DR: Results presented should prove to be useful to clinicians who wish to compare an individual patient's MMSE scores with a population reference group and to researchers making plans for new studies in which cognitive status is a variable of interest.
Abstract: Objective —To report the distribution of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores by age and educational level Design —National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program surveys conducted between 1980 and 1984 Setting —Community populations in New Haven, Conn; Baltimore, Md; St Louis, Mo; Durham, NC; and Los Angeles, Calif Participants —A total of 18 056 adult participants selected by probability sampling within census tracts and households Main Outcome Measures —Summary scores for the MMSE are given in the form of mean, median, and percentile distributions specific for age and educational level Results —The MMSE scores were related to both age and educational level There was an inverse relationship between MMSE scores and age, ranging from a median of 29 for those 18 to 24 years of age, to 25 for individuals 80 years of age and older The median MMSE score was 29 for individuals with at least 9 years of schooling, 26 for those with 5 to 8 years of schooling, and 22 for those with 0 to 4 years of schooling Conclusions —Cognitive performance as measured by the MMSE varies within the population by age and education The cause of this variation has yet to be determined Mini-Mental State Examination scores should be used to identify current cognitive difficulties and not to make formal diagnoses The results presented should prove to be useful to clinicians who wish to compare an individual patient's MMSE scores with a population reference group and to researchers making plans for new studies in which cognitive status is a variable of interest (JAMA 1993;269:2386-2391)
2,717 citations
TL;DR: The current norms represent a more comprehensive set of norms than previously available and will increase the ability of neuropsychologists to determine more precisely the degree to which scores on the TMT reflect impaired performance for varying ages and education.
2,280 citations