A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance
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...Carroll (1979) identified these processes of response as being reactive, defensive, accommodative, or proactive....
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...Wartick and Cochran (1985), following Carroll (1979), used the terms reactive, defensive, accommodative, and proactive to characterize corporate strategy or posture toward social responsiveness....
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...As Carroll (1979) noted, "discretionary responsibilities of business are volitional or philanthropic in nature, and, as such, are also difficult to ascertain and evaluate....
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...The development of Carroll's (1979) original model represented an advance over Preston's (1975) framework and introduced a new conceptualization of CSP....
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"A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Mode..." refers background or methods in this paper
...This "widening circle" approach has also been adopted by Davis and Blomstrom [1975]....
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...Davis and Blomstrom, too, describe alternative responses to societal pressures as follows: (a) withdrawal, (b) public relations approach, (c) legal approach, (d) bargaining, and (e) problem solving [1975]. These correspond, essentially, with the above schemas....
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