A topology survey of single-stage power factor corrector with a boost type input-current-shaper
TL;DR: In this article, a topological review of the single-stage power factor corrected (PFC) rectifiers is presented, and several new PFC converters were derived from some existing topologies using the translation rule.
Abstract: A topological review of the single stage power factor corrected (PFC) rectifiers is presented in this paper. Most reported single-stage PFC rectifiers cascade a boost-type converter with a forward or a flyback DC-DC converter so that input current shaping, isolation, and fast output voltage regulation are performed in one single stage. The cost and performance of single-stage PFC converters depend greatly on how its input current shaper (ICS) and the DC-DC converter are integrated together. For the cascade connected single-stage PFC rectifiers, the energy storage capacitor is found in either series or parallel path of energy flow. The second group appears to represent the main stream. Therefore, the focus of this paper is on the second group. It is found that many of these topologies can be implemented by combining a two-terminal or three-terminal boost ICS cell with DC-DC converter along with an energy storage capacitor in between. A general rule is observed that translates a three-terminal ICS cell to a two-terminal ICS cell using an additional winding from the transformer and vice verse. According to the translation rule, many of the reported single-stage PFC topologies can be viewed as electrically equivalent to one another. Several new PFC converters were derived from some existing topologies using the translation rule.
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TL;DR: This paper presents an exhaustive review of three-phase improved power quality AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components, comparative factors, recent trends, their suitability, and selection for specific applications.
Abstract: Solid-state switch-mode rectification converters have reached a matured level for improving power quality in terms of power-factor correction (PFC), reduced total harmonic distortion at input AC mains and precisely regulated DC output in buck, boost, buck-boost and multilevel modes with unidirectional and bidirectional power flow. This paper deals with a comprehensive review of improved power quality converters (IPQCs) configurations, control approaches, design features, selection of components, other related considerations, and their suitability and selection for specific applications. It is targeted to provide a wide spectrum on the status of IPQC technology to researchers, designers and application engineers working on switched-mode AC-DC converters. A classified list of more than 450 research publications on the state of art of IPQC is also given for a quick reference.
1,691 citations
Additional excerpts
...• Unidirectional Buck–Boost Converters [307]–[426]:...
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TL;DR: A review of the most interesting solutions for single phase and low power applications is carried out in this article, where the major advantages and disadvantages are highlighted and the field of application is found.
Abstract: New recommendations and future standards have increased the interest in power factor correction circuits. There are multiple solutions in which line current is sinusoidal. In addition, a great number of circuits have been proposed with nonsinusoidal line current. In this paper, a review of the most interesting solutions for single phase and low power applications is carried out. They are classified attending to the line current waveform, energy processing, number of switches, control loops, etc. The major advantages and disadvantages are highlighted and the field of application is found.
652 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the minimum ripple energy storage requirement is derived independently of a specific topology, and the feasibility of the active capacitor's reduction schemes is verified based on the minimum energy requirement, which can effectively reduce the energy storage capacitance.
Abstract: It is well known that single-phase pulse width modulation rectifiers have second-order harmonic currents and corresponding ripple voltages on the dc bus. The low-frequency harmonic current is normally filtered using a bulk capacitor in the bus, which results in low power density. However, pursuing high power density in converter design is a very important goal in the aerospace applications. This paper studies methods for reducing the energy storage capacitor for single-phase rectifiers. The minimum ripple energy storage requirement is derived independently of a specific topology. Based on the minimum ripple energy requirement, the feasibility of the active capacitor's reduction schemes is verified. Then, we propose a bidirectional buck-boost converter as the ripple energy storage circuit, which can effectively reduce the energy storage capacitance. The analysis and design are validated by simulation and experimental results.
450 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two methods of reducing the storage capacitance in the ac/dc power supplies for light emitting diode (LED) lighting were proposed to achieve a long power suppliespsila lifetime.
Abstract: This paper proposes two methods of reducing the storage capacitance in the ac/dc power supplies for light emitting diode (LED) lighting. In doing so, film capacitors can be adopted instead of electrolytic capacitors to achieve a long power suppliespsila lifetime. The voltage ripple of the storage capacitor is intentionally increased to reduce the storage capacitance. The method of determining the storage capacitance for ensuring that the boost power factor correction converter operates normally in the whole input voltage range is also discussed. For the purpose of further reducing the storage capacitance, a method of injecting the third harmonic current into the input current flow is proposed. While ensuring that the input power factor is always higher than 0.9 to comply with regulation standards such as ENERGY STAR, the storage capacitance can be reduced to 65.6% of that with an input power factor of 1. A 60-W experimental prototype is built to verify the proposed methods.
380 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a comprehensive study on state of art of power factor corrected single-phase AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components and design considerations, performance evaluation, power quality considerations, selection criteria and potential applications, latest trends, and future developments.
Abstract: Solid-state switch mode AC-DC converters having high-frequency transformer isolation are developed in buck, boost, and buck-boost configurations with improved power quality in terms of reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current, power-factor correction (PFC) at AC mains and precisely regulated and isolated DC output voltage feeding to loads from few Watts to several kW. This paper presents a comprehensive study on state of art of power factor corrected single-phase AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components and design considerations, performance evaluation, power quality considerations, selection criteria and potential applications, latest trends, and future developments. Simulation results as well as comparative performance are presented and discussed for most of the proposed topologies.
368 citations
References
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20 Jun 1994
TL;DR: In this article, a new family of single stage isolated power factor correctors is proposed, which features fast regulation of the output voltage, one or two power switches operated in unison, a single control loop, and automatic shaping of the line current.
Abstract: A new family of single stage isolated power-factor correctors features fast regulation of the output voltage, one or two power switches operated in unison, a single control loop, and automatic shaping of the line current. We give topologies, steady-state analysis, design considerations, and experimental results. >
461 citations
"A topology survey of single-stage p..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In 1994, a new family of single-stage PFC converter was synthesized in [ 10 ] that integrates a boost ICS with a dc/dc converter in such a way that the energy storage capacitor is in the parallel path of the energy flow as shown in Fig. 2(a)....
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...Article [ 10 ] therefore suggested that both the ICS and the dc/dc converter must operate in DCM in order to avoid high voltage stress at high input voltage and light load....
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...This phenomenon appears inherent to the rectifiers that cascade a boost ICS with dc‐dc converter as shown in [5], [6], and [ 10 ]....
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...In all the PFC converters shown in [ 10 ], the boost ICS operates in DCM to achieve automatic input current shaping, while the dc/dc converter may operate in either CCM or DCM....
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...Fig. 4. Single-stage PFC with ICS cell of (a) two-terminal and (b) threeterminal. [ 10 ], but with less conduction loss....
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29 Jun 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, a family of AC-to-DC converters which integrate the functions of low harmonic rectification, low frequency energy storage, and wide bandwidth output voltage control into a single converter containing one, two, or four active switches is presented.
Abstract: A family of AC-to-DC converters which integrate the functions of low harmonic rectification, low frequency energy storage, and wide bandwidth output voltage control into a single converter containing one, two, or four active switches is presented. These converters utilize a discontinuous conduction mode input inductor, an internal energy storage capacitor, and transformer secondary circuits which resemble the bridge, forward, flyback, or Cuk DC-DC converters. A large-signal equivalent circuit model for this family which uses the loss-free resistor concept is presented. Design strategies and experimental results are given. High performance regulation with satisfactory line current harmonics is demonstrated with conventional duty ratio control. Further improvements in line current are possible by simultaneous duty ratio and switching frequency control. >
383 citations
13 Feb 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, a variable-frequency control that reduces the voltage stress and makes the Integrated High-Quality Rectifier-Regulators (IHQRRs) suitable for universal input-range applications is described.
Abstract: The Integrated High-Quality Rectifier-Regulators (IHQRRs) suffer from relatively high stress on the internal-energy storage capacitor and, consequently, on primary-side semiconductors. As a result, they are not practical in applications with the universal input-voltage range. In this paper, a variable-frequency control that reduces the voltage stress and makes the IHQRRs suitable for universal input-range applications is described. Evaluation results of a 90 W, experimental BIBRED power converter that uses the proposed variable-frequency control are presented. >
198 citations
Additional excerpts
...Articles [7], [ 9 ] use frequency modulation method to keep the dc-bus voltage under control during light load....
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23 Feb 1997
TL;DR: In this article, a single-stage, single-switch, input-current shaping (S/sup 4/ICS) technique which combines the boost-like input current shaper with a continuous-conduction-mode DC/DC output stage is described.
Abstract: A new single-stage, single-switch, input-current shaping (S/sup 4/ICS) technique which combines the boost-like input-current shaper with a continuous-conduction-mode DC/DC output stage is described. In this technique, the boost inductor can operate in both the discontinuous and continuous conduction modes. Due to the ability to keep a relatively low voltage (<450 Vdc) on the energy-storage capacitor, this technique is suitable for the universal line voltage applications. The voltage on the energy-storage capacitor is kept within the desirable range by the addition of two transformer windings. The principle of operation of the S/sup 4/ICS circuit with forward DC/DC converter is presented. Experimental results obtained on a 100-W (5-V/20-A) prototype circuit are also given.
175 citations
24 Jun 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, a single power stage with dual output produces both the desired DC output and a boosting supply in series with the input, and a reasonably good input current wave-shape results due to the natural gain characteristics of the boost resonant circuit.
Abstract: An offline switching converter which operates with high input power factor while maintaining fast transient response at its output is described. A single power stage with dual output produces both the desired DC output and a boosting supply in series with the input. The resonant boosting supply at the input is controlled by frequency modulation of the power stage, while the desired DC output is PWM controlled. Since both the input boost supply and the output supply can be controlled independently, a fast transient response can be maintained at both the input (for active current wave-shaping), and at the output (for good output regulation). In addition, even without active control of the boost supply, a reasonably good input current waveshape results due to the natural gain characteristics of the boost resonant circuit. Zero voltage switching is maintained, allowing the circuit to be designed at high frequency to reduce size and cost, and increase performance. >
171 citations
"A topology survey of single-stage p..." refers background in this paper
...In article [ 4 ], a single power stage with dual outputs produces both the desired DC output and a boosting supply in series with the input....
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...Concept for single-state PFC can be traced back to some early work presented in [ 4 ], [5]....
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