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Journal ArticleDOI

A tough graphene nanosheet/hydroxyapatite composite with improved in vitro biocompatibility

01 Sep 2013-Carbon (Pergamon)-Vol. 61, pp 105-115
TL;DR: In this article, a 1.0 wt.% graphene/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite was synthesized using spark plasma sintering (SPS) for loadbearing orthopedic implant.
About: This article is published in Carbon.The article was published on 2013-09-01 and is currently open access. It has received 230 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Nanosheet & Composite number.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of graphene as reinforcement for structural materials is motivated by their exceptional mechanical/functional properties and their unique physical/chemical characteristics as discussed by the authors. But this review focuses on MMCs and CMCs because of their technological importance for structural applications and the unique challenges associated with developing high-temperature composites with nanoparticle reinforcements.
Abstract: This review critically examines the current state of graphene reinforced metal (GNP-MMC) and ceramic matrix composites (GNP-CMC) The use of graphene as reinforcement for structural materials is motivated by their exceptional mechanical/functional properties and their unique physical/chemical characteristics This review focuses on MMCs and CMCs because of their technological importance for structural applications and the unique challenges associated with developing high-temperature composites with nanoparticle reinforcements The review discusses processing techniques, effects of graphene on the mechanical behaviour of GNP-MMCs and GNP-CMCs, including early studies on the tribological performance of graphene-reinforced composites, where graphene has shown signs of serving as a protective and lubricious phase Additionally, the unique functional properties endowed by graphene to GNP-MMCs and GNP-CMCs, such as enhanced thermal/electrical conductivity, improved oxidation resistance, and excellent bi

456 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2014-Carbon
TL;DR: In this paper, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) reinforced hydroxyapatite nano-tube (nHA) composites were synthesized in situ using a simple hydrothermal method in a mixed solvent system of ethylene glycol (EG), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and water, without using any of the typical reducing agents.

286 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Ming Li1, Qian Liu1, Zhaojun Jia1, Xuchen Xu1, Yan Cheng1, Yufeng Zheng1, Tingfei Xi1, Shicheng Wei1 
01 Feb 2014-Carbon
TL;DR: Graphene oxide (GO) was firstly employed as nanoscale reinforcement fillers in hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings by a cathodic electrophoretic deposition process, and GO/HA coatings were fabricated on pure Ti substrate as mentioned in this paper.

256 citations


Cites background from "A tough graphene nanosheet/hydroxya..."

  • ...[30] have illustrated that the main mechanisms that prevent crack propagation in graphene-based HA composites are frictional pull out, crack deflection and crack bridging by graphene sheets....

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  • ...And graphene/HA composite produced by SPS showed an improved in vitro osteoblast adhesion and apatite mineralization [30]....

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  • ...[30] Zhang L, Liu W, Yue C, Zhang T, Li P, Xing Z, et al....

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  • ...in the HA matrix to reduce the crack formation by bridging effect and increase the load-transfer efficiency between HA matrix and GO fillers [30]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the hydroxyapatite/graphene (HAP/Gr) composite was electrodeposited on Ti using the electrophoretic deposition process to obtain uniform bioactive coating with improved mechanical strength and favorable corrosion stability.

169 citations


Cites background from "A tough graphene nanosheet/hydroxya..."

  • ...5–1 TPa) and very high specific surface area (up to 2630 m g ) have drawn great attention as a reinforcement in the composite field of material science [1–3]....

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  • ...That is a solid indication that Gr effectively acts as a nano-reinforcement filler and prevents the creation and propagation of cracks by frictional pull out, crack deflection, and crack bridging as the major toughening mechanism that resists crack propagation [3]....

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  • ...[3], rough and wrinkled surface texture of the GNSs also plays an important role in enhancing mechanical interlocking, leading to an increased load-transfer efficiency between HA matrix and GNSs....

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  • ...Introduction and ceramics [3,7] to produce composites with exceptional...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review presents a comprehensive overview of the developments and applications of LDNs in bioactive ceramics, including the newly-developed fabrication methods for LDNs/ceramic composites, the reinforcing mechanisms and the in vitro and in vivo performance ofLDNs.

169 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Changgu Lee1, Xiaoding Wei1, Jeffrey W. Kysar1, James Hone1, James Hone2 
18 Jul 2008-Science
TL;DR: Graphene is established as the strongest material ever measured, and atomically perfect nanoscale materials can be mechanically tested to deformations well beyond the linear regime.
Abstract: We measured the elastic properties and intrinsic breaking strength of free-standing monolayer graphene membranes by nanoindentation in an atomic force microscope. The force-displacement behavior is interpreted within a framework of nonlinear elastic stress-strain response, and yields second- and third-order elastic stiffnesses of 340 newtons per meter (N m(-1)) and -690 Nm(-1), respectively. The breaking strength is 42 N m(-1) and represents the intrinsic strength of a defect-free sheet. These quantities correspond to a Young's modulus of E = 1.0 terapascals, third-order elastic stiffness of D = -2.0 terapascals, and intrinsic strength of sigma(int) = 130 gigapascals for bulk graphite. These experiments establish graphene as the strongest material ever measured, and show that atomically perfect nanoscale materials can be mechanically tested to deformations well beyond the linear regime.

18,008 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work shows that graphene's electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers, and allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area.
Abstract: Graphene is the two-dimensional building block for carbon allotropes of every other dimensionality We show that its electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers The D peak second order changes in shape, width, and position for an increasing number of layers, reflecting the change in the electron bands via a double resonant Raman process The G peak slightly down-shifts This allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area

13,474 citations


"A tough graphene nanosheet/hydroxya..." refers background in this paper

  • ...reported that the intensity ratio of I2D/IG decreased with increasing number of graphene layers [21,22]....

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  • ...structure, and 2D peak is associated with few-layered graphene structure [21,22]....

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  • ...[21] Ferrari AC, Meyer JC, Scardaci V, Casiraghi C, Lazzeri M, Mauri F, et al....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of colloidal suspensions to produce new materials composed of graphene and chemically modified graphene is reviewed, which is both versatile and scalable, and is adaptable to a wide variety of applications.
Abstract: Interest in graphene centres on its excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties, its very high specific surface area, and our ability to influence these properties through chemical functionalization. There are a number of methods for generating graphene and chemically modified graphene from graphite and derivatives of graphite, each with different advantages and disadvantages. Here we review the use of colloidal suspensions to produce new materials composed of graphene and chemically modified graphene. This approach is both versatile and scalable, and is adaptable to a wide variety of applications.

6,178 citations


"A tough graphene nanosheet/hydroxya..." refers background in this paper

  • ...On the other hand, graphene can be synthesized in relatively pure ways such as growth by chemical vapor deposition, micromechanical exfoliation of graphite and growth on crystalline silicon carbide [16]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results support the concept that the apatite phase on the surface of glass-ceramic A-W is formed by a chemical reaction of the glass- Aceramic with the Ca2+, HPO4(2-), and OH- ions in the body fluid.
Abstract: High-strength bioactive glass-ceramic A-W was soaked in various acellular aqueous solutions different in ion concentrations and pH. After soaking for 7 and 30 days, surface structural changes of the glass-ceramic were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy, thin-film x-ray diffraction, and scanning electronmicroscopic observations, in comparison with in vivo surface structural changes. So-called Tris buffer solution, pure water buffered with trishydroxymethyl-aminomethane, which had been used by various workers as a "simulated body fluid," did not reproduce the in vivo surface structural changes, i.e., apatite formation on the surface. A solution, ion concentrations and pH of which are almost equal to those of the human blood plasma--i.e., Na+ 142.0, K+ 5.0, Mg2+ 1.5, Ca2+ 2.5, Cl- 148.8, HCO3- 4.2 and PO4(2-) 1.0 mM and buffered at pH 7.25 with the trishydroxymethyl-aminomethane--most precisely reproduced in vivo surface structure change. This shows that careful selection of simulated body fluid is required for in vitro experiments. The results also support the concept that the apatite phase on the surface of glass-ceramic A-W is formed by a chemical reaction of the glass-ceramic with the Ca2+, HPO4(2-), and OH- ions in the body fluid.

3,597 citations


"A tough graphene nanosheet/hydroxya..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...The osteoconductivity of the as-received GNSs and as-sintered samples were assessed by apatite mineralization in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution, which was prepared according to the well-known Kokubo composition [20]....

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  • ...[20] Kokubo T, Kushitani H, Sakka S, Kitsugi T, Yamamuro T....

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Journal ArticleDOI
03 Dec 2009-ACS Nano
TL;DR: Graphene platelets significantly out-perform carbon nanotube additives in terms of mechanical properties enhancement, and may be related to their high specific surface area, enhanced nanofiller-matrix adhesion/interlocking arising from their wrinkled (rough) surface, as well as the two-dimensional geometry of graphene platelets.
Abstract: In this study, the mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites with graphene platelets, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and multi-walled carbon nanotube additives were compared at a nanofiller weight fraction of 0.1 ± 0.002%. The mechanical properties measured were the Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, fracture toughness, fracture energy, and the material’s resistance to fatigue crack propagation. The results indicate that graphene platelets significantly out-perform carbon nanotube additives. The Young’s modulus of the graphene nanocomposite was ∼31% greater than the pristine epoxy as compared to ∼3% increase for single-walled carbon nanotubes. The tensile strength of the baseline epoxy was enhanced by ∼40% with graphene platelets compared to ∼14% improvement for multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The mode I fracture toughness of the nanocomposite with graphene platelets showed ∼53% increase over the epoxy compared to ∼20% improvement for multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The fatigue resistance resu...

2,367 citations


"A tough graphene nanosheet/hydroxya..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Very recently, GNSs have been widely employed as nanofillers to polymers [5,6], metals [7,8] and ceramics [9–11] to produce composites with tailored mechanical properties....

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  • ...[6] Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Wang Z, Song HH, Yu ZZ, Koratkar N....

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