scispace - formally typeset
Open AccessProceedings ArticleDOI

A two level fuzzy PRM for manipulation planning

Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
An algorithm which extends the probabilistic roadmap (PRM) framework to handle manipulation planning by using a two level approach, a PRM of PRMs, made possible by the introduction of a new kind of roadmap, called the fuzzy roadmap.
Abstract
This paper presents an algorithm which extends the probabilistic roadmap (PRM) framework to handle manipulation planning. This is done by using a two level approach, a PRM of PRMs. The first level builds a manipulation graph, whose nodes represent stable placements of the manipulated objects while the edges represent transfer and transit actions. The actual motion planning for the transfer and transit paths is done by PRM planners at the second level. The approach is made possible by the introduction of a new kind of roadmap, called the fuzzy roadmap. The fuzzy roadmap contains edges which are not verified by a local planner during construction. Instead, each edge is assigned a number which represents the probability that it is feasible. Later, if the edge is part of a solution path, the edge is checked for collisions. The overall effect is that our roadmaps evolve iteratively until they contain a solution. The use of fuzzy roadmaps in both levels of our manipulation planner offers many advantages. At the first level, a fuzzy roadmap represents the manipulation graph and addresses the problem of having probabilistically complete planners at the second level. At the second level, fuzzy roadmaps drastically reduce the number of collision checks. The paper contains experimental results demonstrating the feasibility and efficiency of our scheme.

read more

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report


! #"%$'&(*),+.-(/10243'3*3!56+."7&8&
:9<;=?> @!BA?> CEDF4GHCJIKFHLDM;HCEDDF*DN
OQPRTSVUXWYSZK[]\_^a`bSVcedVU%ce[ \gfhSVZjik^almZn1RYZpo1S
qsrptvuxwytXz'{*|~}p{*'.t tXKwyz4t%ygLypt%ze%tXp%t
.tXz'{*.~yarptXz'bt%pwyz'| _XtptXz'{'
yy
t%p{*tk¡tXpwyz'| ¢p{4£Kq7¤ ¥¥
y
K¦§
t%¨.{'tX¡©.:ª«{
:ª
| |Tw6ezwy|,¬©X{%ªz'.%tyªt
®Q¯£°±!²%³,´µ±
¶·6¸º¹(»Y¼»Y½4¾K»¾¿½H¹H½4ÀTÁ.¹J¼ÂÀ¼Âà ÄXž¸ÆÁÆ·µÇÉÈ·µ¸ÊË·½ËÌXÁ¬½4ÀyÍ¹ÁÆ·T½
»¾¿Å!Î¼!Î4¸ÆÃ#¸º¹Á¸Ê1¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»ÐÏÒÑ¡ÓJÔ7ÕeÖ¾¿¼Çs½HÈ(ž¿×JÁ8Å£·T¼Ày͵ë½:Çs¼Ø
ÀÙ¸ »yڵë¼ÂÁ.¸ÅÂÀL»yë¼ÂÀTÀT¸ÆÀ6ÄXÛs¶·6¸º¹a¸º¹aÍXÅÀ½EÎHÜLÚ6¹¸ÆÀ%Ä_¼LÁÈ(Åë½4Ý½4Ã
¼»!»y¾ËÅ*¼XÊË·6ÞQ¼ÑKÓaÔßÅVÖÐÑKÓJÔ¹4Ûà¶·T½á(¾¹Áë½4Ý½4ÃLÎ4Úµ¸ÆëÍ¹
¼âÇs¼ÀÙ¸ »yڵë¼ÂÁ.¸ÅÂÀxÄ!¾¿¼Ë»T·%ÞÈ·YÅ¹4½ÀyÅ'Í!½H¹v¾¿½8»y¾¿½H¹4½HÀÙÁs¹Á¬¼XÎHÃã½
»ë¼!Ê½4Ç7½4ÀTÁ.¹LÅÖBÁÆ·T½Ç7¼ÂÀT¸ »yÚµÃã¼Á8½ËÍÅXÎÒä4½Ê4Á¹BÈ·µ¸Æë½LÁÒ·Y½s½Í4Ä%½¹
¾¿½8»y¾Ë½¹4½4ÀTÁÁ.¾¿¼ÂÀY¹ÒÖH½4¾å¼ÀÍgÁ¾¿¼ÀT¹¸ÆÁK¼!Ê4Á¸ÅÀY¹4Û7¶·Y½g¼!Ê4ÁÚT¼ÃYÇsÅØ
Á¸ÅÀa»ë¼ÀÙÀT¸ÆÀ6Ä(ÖHž1ÁÆ·T½Á¾¿¼ÀT¹ÒÖH½H¾¼ÀÍgÁ¾¿¼ÀT¹¸ÆÁ6»Y¼ÂÁÆ·6¹1¸º¹ÍXÅÀ½
Î4ÜÑKÓaÔæ»yë¼ÂÀTÀy½4¾¹¦¼ÂÁJÁÒ·Y½¹4½ÊÅÀyÍvë½4Ý½HëÛç¶·Y½¼»!»¾¿Å*¼XÊË·
¸º¹LÇ7¼XÍ!½å»TÅ¹¹¸ÎHÃã½Î4ÜÁÒ·Y½7¸ÆÀÙÁ.¾ËÅ*ÍÂÚTÊHÁ¸ÅÀÅÖs¼¦À½HÈ~×¸ÆÀÍÅÖ
¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»ÙÞÊ¼ÃÆÃã½ËÍJÁÒ·Y½ÖÚXèè4Ü¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»Û7¶·Y½ÖÚXèè4Ü¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»
ÊÅÀÙÁ¬¼Â¸ÆÀY¹½Í4Ä%½¹:È·6¸Ê·_¼Â¾¿½1ÀÅÁeÝ½4¾¸ áé½ÍEÎ4Üg¼gëÅ*Ê¼ÂÃ»yë¼ÂÀTÀ½H¾
ÍÂÚµ¾¸ÆÀ%ÄÊÅÀT¹Á.¾ÚTÊ4Á.¸ÅÂÀyÛLêÀT¹Á8½¼!ÍÞ½¼XÊË·k½Í4Ä%½s¸º¹s¼¹¹¸ÄÂÀ½Í¼
ÀÙÚµÇ7Î½4¾gÈ·6¸Ê·v¾¿½¬»¾¿½H¹H½4ÀTÁ.¹gÁÆ·T½»y¾¿ÅXÎ˼XÎH¸ÆÃ¸ÆÁ.ÜÁÒ·Y¼Á:¸ÆÁ:¸º¹(ÖH½¼Ø
¹¸Î4ë½*Ûìëe¼ÂÁ¬½4¾Þ_¸ ÖvÁÆ·T½½ËÍ*ÄX½¸º¹s»Y¼Â¾ÁÅÖk¼¹4ÅÃ#ÚµÁ¸ÅÀ»T¼ÁÒ·%Þ
ÁÒ·Y½½ËÍ*ÄX½E¸º¹gÊ·Y½Ê×!½ÍÖHÅ¾EÊÅÃÆÃ#¸º¹¸ÅÀT¹4Û¶·Y½BÅÂÝ½4¾¿¼ÂÃÆÃ½.í½ÊHÁ¡¸º¹
ÁÒ·Y¼ÂÁ(ÅÚµ¾¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»Ù¹E½HÝÅÃÝ½a¸ÆÁ8½4¾¿¼Á¸ÆÝ½4Ã#ÜLÚµÀTÁ¸ÆÃTÁÒ·Y½4ÜLÊÅÀÙÁ¬¼Â¸ÆÀ
¼¹4ÅÃ#ÚµÁ¸ÅÀÛî¶y·T½Ú6¹H½¦ÅÖÖÚXèËè4Ü¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»Ù¹¸ÆÀïÎÅÁÒ·kë½4Ý½4Ãð¹
ÅVÖÅÚµ¾BÇ7¼ÂÀT¸ »yÚµÃã¼Á¸ÅÀ¦»yÃã¼ÀTÀ½H¾LÅí½4¾¹BÇs¼ÀTܦ¼!ÍÝ¼ÀÙÁ¬¼*ÄX½H¹4Û
ñ
Á:ÁÒ·Y½£á¡¾¹Á:ë½4Ý½4ÃðÞ¼åÖÚXèè4Ü¾ËÅ*¼XÍÇs¼Ë»¾¿½8»y¾¿½H¹4½HÀÙÁ¹EÁÒ·Y½Çs¼Ø
ÀÙ¸ »yڵë¼ÂÁ.¸ÅÂÀÄ!¾¿¼»Y·k¼ÀÍ¼!Í!;¿½H¹Ë¹4½H¹ÁÒ·Y½»¾¿Å!Î4ë½4ÇòÅÖa·Y¼Ý'¸ÆÀ%Ä
»¾¿Å!Î¼!Î4¸ÆÃ#¸º¹Á¸Ê˼ÂÃÆÃ#ÜÊËÅÂÇ»ë½4Á¬½1»yë¼ÂÀTÀ½H¾¹B¼ÁéÁÆ·T½a¹4½ÊÅÀyÍ_ë½4Ý½4ëÛ
ñ
Á:ÁÒ·Y½B¹4½ËÊÅÂÀyÍë½4Ý½4ÃðÞÖÚXèËè4Ü¾¿Å*¼XÍÇs¼Ë»y¹7Í¾Ë¼¹Á.¸Ê¼ÂÃÆÃ#Ü¾¿½ÍÚTÊ½
ÁÒ·Y½vÀTÚµÇsÎ½H¾QÅÖvÊÅÂÃÆÃ#¸º¹¸ÅÀjÊ·Y½ÊË×¹4Ûó¶y·T½»Y¼»Y½4¾QÊÅÂÀTÁ8¼¸ÆÀY¹
½ËÌH»Y½4¾¸ÆÇ7½4ÀTÁ8¼Ãp¾¿½H¹ÚµÃ#Á.¹LÍ!½4Ç7ÅÂÀY¹Á¾¿¼Á¸ÆÀ%ÄÁÒ·Y½ÖH½Ë¼¹¸ÎH¸ÆÃ#¸ÆÁÜмÀÍ
½.ôâÊ4¸½4ÀyÊ4ÜÅÖBÅÂÚµ¾J¹HÊ·Y½4Çs½*Û
õ ö
[éWµRY÷1høåùyWµSV÷([
úaûüÙýþ.ÿ

¦ÿ

ü

¶·Y½KÄ%½4Ày½4¾¿¼Ã%Ç7¼ÂÀT¸ »ڵë¼Á¸ÅÀå»yÃã¼ÀTØ
ÀÙ¸ÆÀ%Äå»¾¿Å!Î4ë½4Ç
 !"#$&%#%#%#')(*+,+*.- */01&2
%##3#$!/%4'05*!6!-#7*.-89:;/<01*%#'=/!/:>*-4=/.:;?<@A#
'.*.&$7/*B-#+/%#'C/#D01*!6!&-#*-#89:EFG(+/*0HC'.6.I%J=/&+
:I*%K4'.3#+F!*%L*MN'.6.I%O'*&>:I*%K4'.3#+F!*%P?@A#Q*.-2
89:E/R&+/S*.%#T"&-#C*101*!6U#I%V/#ITV&+/S'.+/.="-WT
1+/*-*&?XS-89:EFD#$:FMJ&+/B%#*&S'+F 0Y349S- 5!
Q=/-#B *=*%Z.? ' ?[ +9/%#'Q'.%4=4\*-4=/.:;*.+
*#+U=/-#5*-#89:EFI?B]4*+BQ01*+/Y#;/L/:;+/*%
*(^/#B0J&%##3#$!/*.%"#$&%4%#%4'54+*.-#0IQ_ `bac?
@A#*3*%Y*U/#A01%##3#$!*%5#$&%#%4%#'C#+/*-40
4.14Z(*+/0d*(\
ïÇ7¼ÂÀT¸ »yÚµÃã¼Á¸ÅÀ»Y¼ÂÁÆ·
e#$:Ff"g=I2
h
3#%4:;\*(
Á.¾Ë¼ÀY¹¸ÆÁ
D%4
Á¾¿¼ÀT¹ÆÖH½4¾1»T¼ÁÒ·%¹
E?Uij+F&% 9(+R4&
$Qg3#-#4&k*(S/#l'.*.-4&#$&%k4I+/N#L*-89:EQ$
'.+/.=N&% N05*!6.V-WT/#)+/*-*&?im+F&%4R4!/ZS
3#-#4&n#+Q#V*-89:E)$\;(o1%pM=/&-4Q*.*%
#D4S+/*-*&:F &%#'.>'.+/.=P?q'+F#%#'B*I+F!/*.%4
+A#$&%#%4J&3#*0J&$:I&T)-WT5C0J%#43#&*%J#$&%4%#I+?
r;gs
(üTû
bt#^u
Xÿ
vM%#43#&*%j#$&%4%#%4'k4l+=$9/
IwJ:I%C*3*% S*Q(x+?C@A#$S$U%#*&B3#+4+$=%#'Q'.6.I%
/#":I*01#;yz9T{*&(A/#"01# !n4%#%#%#'l#+/*-40
_|}a&%4S4~##z/*.%4&#zwQ:;34z/<05*.U-WTD/#>#$&%#2
%#%#'1*&(G'+F#%#'1&%4V+/I'+F#%#'5*I+F!*% I?G%N% 34=2
/+$&~=3 \0J&%4#34&*%n$C(+
h
3#I%T{'.%#*+/?N]#*.+
Iy01#.[4%M/=0)-#T0J%/% &-#9T"=3 I[*-#89:EF
+Z/3#01f:I4&-#N*&(C01*!6%#'O-WTg/#I0JI6RQ$
:I*01#3F!*% &Tf%(.=-#l/*f:I*%4$I+V- *#O*.-2
89:E/B%4Z/#5*W*$E!&+/0JR%4I#l*N0J&%##3#$!/Y/#I0
4l:;3#+/+/I%Q9F!I2c*(o2/#;2&+J0J&%##3#$!/*.%4%2
%#%#' ?k#*.3U#*3#-U1+$&-#B0J&%##3#$!/*.%Z#$&%#%#+
  +01~(3#+4I+>/=%#'\*(;/3#4&%41#+/*34:;/~%4
/#\I6.I*#01%.*(^+/&$9/:C0Y3#&*%4,(*.+% 34=+/
;%#'.?"R*!6I&##$:I!/*.%n*0J&%4\34:Fg.\=34+'.:&
0Y3#$!*% ^%4)%#0J&*%)W*R-I%4;K#G(+/*0S01&2
%##3#$!/*.%"4%#%#I+\_||;ac?
ÿ%þ
t
*ÿ
WH
jüÙû
 S+%.J&'*.+401Y=*.6W%#'l6!+2
&*%4U*&(#J'.I%#+/G01%##3#$!*%{#$&%#%4%#'N#+/*-40
4b6.Z- I%k#+/**.f%f4lz/I+F!34+.?m@A4L*3*%
*(,C*'"%4{P!/*0Y- Z_|[>|.|Ea>$C*VK4+F9B#$&%nV4&
(*.+#)*-89:E[&%4V/#I%NK %4MJ
h
3#I% :;B*&(>:I*%#%#:E/
/+/%49(+%41+F&% =4&4[4&,0J/#S*.-89:;~/+/.:;
/#R4!/<?AiD%#*#+D01;4*WN4+*. *="-WTV]#I+/-4.:FN%4
A&+/+F
h
34&% p_a$\-4.={*%O6!&+/&*%4>TW%4&01$:1#+*2
'.+/0501%#'4?<@A4&3##*.+/K +/=<#$&%\0J&%4#34&*%B4&
%#n3#% :;*% 9/+/%#m:;*01*.z/n:;*%#K4'3#+F!/*.%4.:;
*(/#Q+/*-*&/)&%4{*-#89:EFI?V@A#I%O/#IT{I+F!/6.ITMI%#2
(*.+/:IN#M0J%#43#&*%e:I*%4=+F&%/1-WT0J%#'g0J&
I+3#+/-4&*%4N/*k4p4&j/*e01%#01k'.+/.34T
01*+/Z&%401*+/Z9/+$:EQI% &9Tp(3#% :E*%P[,34%./R#NK42
%4^ !LC:I*$=*%M(+5%4M01II/S4Y0J&%4#34&*%

:I*%4=+F&%/? iDW34:;%<[
3#Ff&%4vM&I+O_ }!a\4b6
#+/**.{V01;4*WL(*.+B01%##3#$!*%{#$&%#%4%#'Z4:F
$B&%L;yW%4=*%L*&(#
ñ
Í¾¸¼!ÍÂÀy½

¹

Ãã½HÈ
ñ
à Ä%Å¾¸ÆÁÒ·6Ç
_
ba
-4.=f*%k'.I%#I$:Z&'*+/#0J?miR01[D^&3#01*% k&%4
01I*.%P_ `!a4+=%./JY:;&+,&%4Q'I%4I+F& #/:;+//*.%J*&(
/#Y0J%#43#&*%M4%#%#%#'#+/*-40V?U@A#ITN'b6\*32
/*.%4B(*.+\- *n/#:Q*&(D$:I+IJ#$:II01I%F\*&(A/#
*.-89:;A%4J/#B:IU*&(^%%K4%#B;A*&(^'.+/.= I?%Q/#
:*&(U/:;+/;/"4.:;I01%.F5*&(D/#"*.-89:;[~#V-#3#2
%#'Q*(7#Y01%##3#$!*%Z'.+/#N;:;6ITN:I*01 *=
/#D#+/*-#I0 %./*\\;~*(*%=2c*&2 *%.4!/J#%#%#%#'
#+/*-401?

ÿ%û
ÿ

ü


û

Qss
ûü
t#u

%J*+F+7*5/:;+/-
*.3#+G*.+C,~K4+F=G'.6.,
h
3#$:FB*!6I+/6Wn*&(

qDv _
[|

!a ?
qDv -#3#4lk+/*..0J&*&(J%#*l%m/#p:I*%K4'.3#+F!2
/*.%p= :;

~2= :;

B*(#V+*.- *?{@P*{:;*% 9/+34:;)/#
+/*..0J&<["%340)-I+B*&(+/%4*0 :I*%K '3#+F!/*.%4R+1=I2
:;)%Y4(+/I

~2=4.:;,&%4Y&+/~34Y%#*?

*.
%#*J&+//=p(*.+Q:;*.%#%#:;*%z/*:I#%#%#+/?
:FO01VL*W:&,#$&%#%#+Y34:I:II#I[G/#N:;*+/+/ *.%4W2
%#'p'{$%4I+e% #{+*0J<? @A4"+/%4*.0
IyW4*.+/&*%N*&(G4
~2=4.:;B$D*(oI%L:I:I*014%#V-TN
#3#+/=$:54&Y4#\Iy/+/V%#*\%
"!
wQ:;3#
$#
N+/I'.*.%4
*(,/#
%
~24:I[^*l01#+/*!614Q +=(*.+0J%4:;Q%p:
#+,/#R*3*%54!/1'*W/#+*.3#'1%4++/*!g4./&'.
_
4[
&
[,|
'
!a ?l%4#6W$34&,#$&%#%4%#'
h
3#I+/)+*6O-WT
.#%#'{#l=/+=Q%4'*.:;*%#K4'3#+F!/*.%.J%#*1%
/#Z+*0Jp&%4/#I%34%#'O'.+/#+/:Fp*{K4%4f
4&Z:;*.%#%#:E%#'54U%4*W#?
@A#D##:!/*.%5*(#
(
qDv (+/01I,*+/B*\0J%#432
$!/*.%Z#%#%#%#'AR *-#)- :I&3 =\*(7#Y%/+*34:;2
/*.%*(S(34IIT+*0J4I?k]43#ITp+/*.#0145#+/*!6$Z
01#C,bT5/*1#&"#C#+/*-401A.*:;$!J
34%#'Y4+*.-4&-#=$:D*%=2c*&2 *%.A4&4%#%#I+FA*2
:&#%#%#+/[%4l*Q#+/*!6W#\;wQ:;I%C *.%2/*&2  *.%
#$&%4%#I+FI?
@A#S]#3#IT
)
qDv %./+*3 :;1%
:E*%}U*(#$>4&2
I+[b-#3##G
¡ÖÚXèè4ÜJ¾¿Å*¼XÍÇs¼Ë»
Q#*=>'P+~%#%#*/!/
-WT\U#+/*-4-#9T?^@A4#+/*-4-#9TBG%Y9/0J!/*(4/#
:F4%4:;)4&S/#5'.Y$S.:E/34&TV(-#5? ?B:;*.$=*%
(+/I.?"@A#Q4%#%#I+\#+/.9/:&TM+/#34:;{#J%W3#0Y- +\*&(
:I*$=*%g:F4:F\-WTO01%#01%4'M4"%W3#0Y- +Y*(R:F#:F
#$:Fk&+/N34=3 &TgA=#Z6+(TW%4'{'54&
+C%#*A &+A*(^/#CK4%4<=*.3#*%V4!/<?
+*
%
:E*%n`N,Q=4*! #*!H*Z3414Q]#3#IT
,
~qDv
/*)I6.I*JC0J&%##3#$!/*.%J#$&%#%#+?>XS3#+>0J%#43#&*%
#$&%4%#I+^PzF=z(#D]43#IT
-
qDv #$&%#%#+P#$:FB34(34IIT
*%=2c*&2 *%.

qDv 4%#%#I+F
!
*:&#$&%#%4I+F
.#
4?
%
:;*%
/
L,"4+=%.1*34+5Iy +01I%/,+/3#/?
02143657598;:$5<5987-=;>@?2?BACED4FHGI7.:6J9KL:MK959J3ON@PQJ97RK7RS<GTU:6N@V27L593
W
:6?BAXCED4FZY7B[\7RT]3O^_7RY`Ka]S+>T 5b:6N@723O>@KT AX:6N@YXa]NY7R^I72N@Y7RN'59T A`G'A
c
3O8T]a]Nd:6NYfeg:2[Jb:6h'ai j$kml
{\:;*.%4:;34CZ1/:;3 *.%"%
:;*%

?
n o
ø
pqp
f
srutwv
%\,+F#z/*.%4&!+/*..0J&C&%C'.7- I9I%U9,*%#*
+/I#+/I%F74D(x:;/4!A\4+=/:I3#$&+~*:I #$&%4%#I+,,.
-#R*5:;*%4%#:;~4R9,*\%#*-WTJB(-4S4!/<?7@A#
-4=%4:;J*(A%n'.J01&% C4&\4:;*.%#%#:;*%{(x&
*.+UAC%4I6+CI6%{+/
x
x- :I&3 =54J%#*B,I+/Y*W*
(x+)&4+=
O
E?N{:;*.3#n/bTM/4!Yz(/#I+/Q;y$95&%n#'
-;9,I%Z9*"%#*[#%Z4Y')(*3#%4l-WT"/#5*:I
#$&%4%#I+C$C(.=-#5{#+/*-4-#9Tg|[^&%4Lz(A%#*N#'
IyW$=/#I%"#B4+*.-4&-#z9T1$#?7@A#C#Y- #% (34IIT
+/*..0J&4^/*U%#%#*/!/,'*&(4/#A+*0J)
34:F)#+*.-4&-4z9T.[:&14
L½Í4Ä%½£»¾¿Å!Î¼!Î4¸ÆÃ#¸ÆÁÜ
!?>%4=
*(D+9/+$:E/%#'l#"#+/*-4-#9TL/*
zy
b
|{
I|
_}
,;1z5/
%TJ6!3#B%n_
~{
I|Iac#%4:;U/#B%4&01
!
=(3#IT
#
Y+/*.#01<?
@A#Q'1#+/*- &-#9Tl$\%{9/0J&J*&(,4:F4&% :;
/4!RJ !N^&+D- \(*3#%4N-WTV1*:I<#$&%#%4I+?~%
/#,:;*.%;yW,U&+/D(+/ID/*)34C\W% J*&(P*:I #$&%4%#I+[
#$:F"#*Y%#*,%4:;/&+/T1'3 &+F&%#U(-#z9TJ*(^
'.6.I%V4!/<[4-#3#D#:FZ$D-#C/*J0J&B5(x.9D9/0J!/
*(P4B#+*.-4&-4z9T*&(^/D;y=%4:;.?
.349B.5#J'.I%#+/

qDvn[4Q]#3#IT
u
qDv  C
+%#%#'M44"%4g
h
3#+TO# [7-#31%n#N]#34IIT
qDv ,,=/+=G-WT\I%/I+/%#'S4
h
3#+TC# [%4\*.%#T)z(
/#R+/*..0J&

%#$&TJ:;*.%4=%#'\*(*.%#T)/#S=/+=%4
'.*.&%4*W#
@
Q#*g%#*&V:;*%F&%fg *-4M*3*%k !P[
/#I%5893#01f/*L/#Z&+/%#%#'{#4V*O054+*!6./#
+/*..0J&<?Z]'.3#+/M|#*!D\

*! :F &+\*3/%#%#'M/#
'.*+/z/#0N?\%l/#J]#3#IT
u
qDv ,J*V%#*&B+/3#%l/#1*2
:&P4%#%#I+R*Q6.I+/z(TV#'S##Z3#+/%#'J4)&+/%#%#'
# ?>%4=V*&(76.I+/z(TW%#'5#\'I[,\/'.%"/#I0
%p%#z/'.N#+*.-4&-4z9T.?p@A#%$!/I+1%/#
h
34I+/T
# [P(R&%O'J$\4+=\*(DN *-4*3/*.%{ !P[
,B&##TJ/#B*:&#$&%#%4I+A*J34#'+FU/#+/*- &-#9T?
ÿ

ÿ%û

s

t
|
'ÿ
@A#
h
3#I+/Tg#4.=N$Q#Q%./*
/#+9/I4

^%Y3##&[WC=&+F:F<[&&% Y%Y3#4'+F=IP?
%{#13##&Q=IO,J#L%#*C+/I4+=%./%4'/#
=/+=Y%4O'*&~:I*%K '3#+F!/*.%

xz(/#ITn+J%#*5+/.T
/#I+/
@
,&% V:I*%#%4:EA/#C*54B+*0J&P?
%M/#Y+/:FM=M,\K4%4M#501*.=S#+/*- &-#\4&
(+/*0 9F&+\*l'*.74+*.3#'O/#+/*..0J&<?Z@A#Q4+*.-2
-#9Tg*&(BO4!/

$QIK4%#k54M#+/*W#34:EQ*(S/#
#+/*- &-#U*(~45'
f
*
{._{'{$@
l&*%#'"#J !
4
~
*

E?
{NK4%4#$14&-T=I=%#'O/#N'.V,I'F)/*
9;9@E
9.
&% N#%Z-WTV3 =%#'S 89=+F
R'.*&2
+/z/#0H*\K %414R4&QJ/#R01%#0)3#0 3#0 *&(<#'
,I'/?k (C%#*n4!/f;y=Q,V+/;/3#+/%(x3#+/[,I$=N,
#+/*:;"z/"/#B3##'.+/.C9/I<?
@A#O3##'.+/.L= 4%4"4O.:E/34&U6+K :I&*%
*(/#Q4&<?Z]+F=\Q%4I+)&~'B%/*MN#+*+/9T

Return path
NO
YES
Query phase
Update step
Upgrade step
Remove
edge
Path probability?
Search step
Path found?
Construction step
Expansion step
Learning phase



0
]'3#+/)|
G]*!e:F4&+V&%Q*!6.I+/6W*(<(3#IT

~qRvn?
h
3#3#Cz/"/#I+#'C#+/*-4-#9TQ#+.IT?G@A4I%
,>+/I!P#~(**!%#'**.B3#%.z/#I+&'<+/:F
#+/*- &-#9TQ|*.+>3#%#/#*:&##$&%4%#I+~#/:;*!6.I+FB:I*2
*%M&*%4'1#\ !
4<
>y/+/.:E/#)'BZ/#\*!A2
9\#+/*- &-#9TZ(+/*0 #
h
3#3#[^0J&1/#J*W:&>4%2
%#+7 +=(*.+0H#*% &:;*.*%1:F#:FG&*%#'S4, !P[
%4n/='%L4#'QZ%# #+*.-4&-4z9TLII%4#%#'L*%
/#D%#e:;**.%J:F#:FY+=*.3/*.%<? (/#R*:I##$&%#%#+
$/:;*!6+/7Y:;*.*%<[.R#I;R#U:;*.++/ *.%4%#'B#'
(+/*0 #)+*0J&Z%4N+I3#+/%N*Q#)+/:FZ=<[ 
,)+/I%4I+D#Y'.)%*Q/#)4+*+/z9T
h
3#I34Y&% M:;*.%2
/%W3##"3##'+F#Q*W*.<?M (4#+/*-4-#9TL*(R&>/#
'&*%#'1/#B4!/ZD3##'+F#*Z|C4I%N4
h
34I+/T
$=*.6.V&%4",B+I3#+/%/#B4&<?
k#%n%#I{*M3#4'+FQZ !n,:&7#(*2
*!%4'5*:I#%#%#+


! "$#&%')(+*
[
 -,!./'10*2,
E[

3

465
-,!./'10*2,

7 "$#&%8'9(+*
:;
<:=5
}
?>
*+@*
>BA
*
C
5


þ.ÿ
CED
:-;
F:
;E5
"$#&%8'9(+*HG
'
)I9"2,!*KJ-"
G
'
"2,!*KJ-"
C

L
;M
NPORQ
')*$*
ûÿ

û
!
t
9
*ÿ
C
5
C
G
e|
ûÿ

û
!k
ÿ
@A#Y*:&#%#%#+UI+(*+/0JR:I*$=*%L:F#:FS*%Z/#
=+F&'%#C- I9I%Q/#B=*.3#+F:;C&%4Q/&+/'I,:I*%K4'.3#+F!2
/*.%l*&(~#14&l.? c?C45%#+S%I+/*$!*%l- I9I%
"$#1%8')(+*
&% 
S ,!.'10*2,
E?>@A#SK4+F9,01S,U%#IJ*53##'.+/.
V4&OJ:&7#J*:I7#%#%#+Bz/
,9
3
<
|[P%4
/#1*:I7#$&%#%#+B +=(*.+0JBV=%#'.J:;*.$=*%O:F#:FM&
/#R01$#R*&(/#R4&<[.4I+/I-WT5#6W$%4'\4R4&J%./*
9,*n3#%4:F#:F:;*%4?jDIy05Ll%#I*g3##2
'.+/.\/#J4!/L,5%4:I+
9
3

>-WTM*.%#1&%4{:IG/#
*:I&~#%#%#+Y&'&%<?N@A#Q+/3#zYC/4!5J &6J/#
$=/&% :;C- I9I%Z34:I:I/=6C:;*.*%N:F#:FA&*%#'5/#
%4U:F"01BB3#4'+FS#B'.?
{~4b6.>:F#*.I%C/*D0J&>#,=01#(TW%4'S/3#01*%
/4!,#C%W3#0Y- +*(P01AY'6I%
%
~2 4:IR4&"4/=
/#J- *.3#%4#+TL*&(,#
%
~2c*.-49F:I1*%4T{II%44\*%{/#
I%#'*&(U#Z !P?kLM0J"#$Q/3#01*%fI6.I%
/#*3#'.CzP%#*&</+34G(*+P01*9^=+/34:;3#+/UI%W6W+*.%#01I%/[
-:&34lM&*!D34"*f:F#*W*.l054{#+/*-4-#9T
01*Ic[+&%#'J4)I%#'Z*&(7/#) !M*J/#)%W3#0Y- +
*(*.-49F:I7-*3#% #&+/TRI%#I+F!/*.%4I[%405TS4

G*$*%
$=+/-#3#*%
7T
y
U
z99
WV
}x
AYX>?Z
X>\[^]
`_
[R#I+/
B$
/#"I%4'&p*&(D/#" !P[
aU
z
B$1l=*:F4=$:Q6!+$&-#
+/I#+/I%/%#'\#U%W3#0)-I+,*&(/01/#S !V:;+/*./=7/#
~2 *-4=/.:;7- *.3#%4#+T.[!&%4
Lb

#$P#05&%\6!3#*&(
U
z99
;?
( R4!/\*&(#I%#'
Q
44^-II%Y=34::;=(3#TB:F#:FB&
I6.I
~9
3

-WT)/#R*:I&4#%#%#+~*3#%#J&-*!6.[&4I%Q
4.- I%16W$Y%./*\}
?>
*+@*
>
3#-4:;*%4[!.:F)*( I%#'
>
)cd!e&dfc
?GT)34=%#'S#

G*./*%B#+/*-4-#9TB01*W#I#&% \/#
W%#*!'.B !
gU
0)3 9C- 5I6.I%
`
x- :I34=Y45:I*%K4'2
3#+F!/*.%g%:Fp%4*&(D/#N4!/$1:;**.%g(+/I

\,
:&%l34:I\4)(*.*!%4';y#+//*.%N(*+D/#5#+*.-4&-42
9TJ !R54!/N,(-#Q_|`ba
b
;
R{$
3
@
ih
_
j
'
:k
fb
>
)cd!e1dKc
a
A
cdfe1dfc
>
)cd!e1dKcml
<:
|
>
cd!e1dKcmn
<:
{
9|

#+

F:
$J/#O=0J&="$9F&%4:I[De4:Fk,
A&%1*nI+(*+/0 :;*.$=*%f:F#:FJ*.%#'O4!/4I?D*&/
/4!BC$C*./=-#Y/*V:F4*.

<:
6I+/TZ=0Jc[P%4:I1zB$
3#%4TV !U#1I% =5+=*.3#*%ZG-Y+/.:F#N(*.+
%TJ !NIy:II/#\*3*%V4!/<?
b
f:I%p-N=01&g;yI+/01%.F&Tn3 =%#'L#V(x:;
/4!
mo
Q_
U
z99
a
q
pb

9?>,T":F &%#'.%#'Y4
Lb
Z4+/05I+,D$
*./=-#,*\:;*.%+/*W4#%#%#+/G#+/;(+%4:;A/*!,+/\(x=
#$&%4%#%4'"6?\=#*.+=C=*.3#*%l ! I[-#3#U/#$R(!/3#+5$
-IT.*%4#\/:;*. C*(^/#A &I+?
q
éÿ
t
bx
r
1s

^t
|
'ÿ
ig:;*.%49/+3 :E*%B=B%4I+/
U
+/%2
*.01TU:F#*.I%C:;*.*%U(+7+*.- *P:;*.%K4'34+/&*%4<%#*
%*A47(3#ITS+/*..0J&<?P <#%\:;*.%#%#:;/:FC*&(W/#
aU
%#n%#*^/*R/
Hs
:;*.=^%#'.W- *.+/Pz/)#'?
:F
*(,/#Q'B+#+/I%/BZ !n-;9,I%O9*Z%4*W#?
t
R%#A%5#'.I%#+/

qDv *C%#*>+34%5U*W:&#4%2
%#+U*N6+(TN#J'.[% 9/L,1.'%l\&%{%4z/
#+/*- &-#9TJ'6%"-WTQ
h
34!/*.%

=|
@
,

3
@
e#?
iD%1IyW &%4*.%5=

x01+7%1%4&3#+/,*Q_
ba
m
>:F#*W*.
u
%#*\&% O +=(*.+0J\N+F&%4#*0 A&L=/+=/%4'"(+/*0

Goal
Start
]'3#+/S}
Gi01%##3#$!*%J'.+/#<?
*$J%#~+/I#+/I%
/+/%4=P4&4&% B*&\%#^+/I#+/I%+F&% 9(+P4&4?
:FZ*&(G/#)%#*I?

:FN*&(7/#
u
%#*S&+/\:F#*.I%
+F&%4#*01Tz/N5#+/*- &-#9T
!3


h
34&/*
~
^3

C

:
!3

}

;
;

C
9
:
{
}
#I+/
C

:
^3
VN/#g%W3#0Y- +M*&(1'.M=/+=/%4'e!
%#*
m3
\ !~,I+/AK4+F9.#5*B/#D+/*.#015%41$!+
Il3#+/%#'Q/#
h
34I+/TV44?
;
;

C

:
$S#Y*2
F&#%W3#0Y- +>*&(I;/5#'?%1:
;
;

C

:
>C,
W"#BIy4&%4*%N9/I<?
o
ø
pqp
f
rutwv
÷¡R
wv
óZK[åS

åøådZWYS÷([
XS3#+"&##+/*..:Fp/*g0J&%##3#$!/*.%k#$&%#%#%#'g${9,*
I6.I&01;/#*?P%C/#7K4+F=<6I74b6.7,(3#ITR+/*.#01
#$:F4bT~#C+/*R*&()0J&%4#34&*%'.+/#l_ `!a ?7@A#
#34+*.7*&(W4>0J&%##3#$!/*.%B'+F&#C$*R#:;*.01 *=G/#
0J&%4#34&*%k#$&%#%4%#'p#+*.-#I0 %*p0)3##l*%.2
/*&2  *.%A4!/"#$&%4%#%4'54+*.-#0JI[W#$:FV+C*6-WT
(3#ITU *.%2/*&2  *.%
4
~qRvH4%#%#I+F<&<#=:;*% SI6.Ic?
:FZ%#*Y%Z/#501%##3#$!*%l'+F&#Z+/I#+/I%FR
$&%4#01+N:;*.%4=%#'J*&(~J+/#Y:I*%/%4%#'"1+F&%4=(*+2
0J!/*.%0J&+/zy

#

[B'+F %W3#0Y- +
PV
0)')."fJ
[B&%4
+/*-*&1:;*%#K4'3#+F!/*.%n6:E*.+
'9#

?

#

 :;K45l=/&2
-#N#$:;01I%5*(R/#N01%##3#$!g*.-89:;[~4I+//#
*.-89:;):I&%{-JI(o)3#%#'.+/.=L-WTM4J+*.- *?
V
0/'9.-"fJ
$
/#B%W3#0)-I+*(G5'+F+/I$!/*.%*(^/#B*-89:E?Gim'.+/.=
+/I$!/*.%e=:IzK4nI'&S *=*% %4f*+/I%/&*%f*&(
/#5*W*Gl+/:EU*"454.:;I01%.C*&(~#1*-#89:E[
&Q#:F/#N*W*RQ-#N*n'+Fp*.-89:;?
p '9#

1$Q
:I*%K4'.3#+F!*%56:E/*+G(*+>#D+/*-*&[!(*+~#:F5/#D+/*-*&
/**.$)-#Q*L'+F{#"*-89:EY4.:;p!

#

3 =%#'
/#\'+F":;K4N-T"'+F"+/I$!/*.%
VY0/')."fJ
#?@A4B01&2
%##3#$!/*.%p'.+/#p')+/I#+/I%F\/+/%4=J&%4p+F&%4=2
(+S:;*%4?AP&% 0J&+/WD#*.B'+F"+/I$!/*.%4D+C/#
/&01Z&+/V:I*%#%4:E/-WTpL+F&%4=(I+1#'?k^&%40J+
#*=U*-#89:EA*.z/*.%4A&+/R/#B05C&+/S:I*%#%4:E/"-WT
Y+F&% ='.?
]'3#+/1}"#*!DSN0J&0J%#43#&*%L'+F&#<?YD*&/
/4!19,*L*(R4V$&% 0J&+/W1+V:;*%4%#:;-WTg-*&f
/+/%49(+\&%4OV/+/%4=B'.?@A4B$B-:&341#19,*
$&%4#01+>4+-*&/J#U01D*-89:E+F&%4=(*+/0J!*%
%4Q/#\/&01C'+F%W3#0)-I+?
(#,74B:I*01#;~4!/\#$&%#%#+/P!</#~:;*.%4CI6
,%O_ `!a

E[,S,*3#$"- B&-4S*16+(T14UIy=%4:;U*&(
:FN*&(G4B+F&%4S&%4V/+/%4=(I+D4&4R%N/#\0J&%4#3#2
$!/*.%M'+F&#M#3#+%#'V:;+/!/*.%<?UL1:;*.3#Z#1=*.6.\/#
0J&%4#34&*%M#$&%4%#%4'"#+/*-40 -WTM.#%#'V.#*%4
$&%4#01+U+/I#+/I%%#'#Q=/+=\&% l'.*.&7:I*%K4'.3#+F!2
/*.%4*&(4~=T=0V[!%4C=&+F:FR/#>0J&%##3#$!/*.%C'+F&#
(*.+YZ4&p:I*%#%4:E/%4'Z#V9F&+Y&% n'*&>$&%4#01+?
]%4&TO,:;*.3#$g:;*.%4:I&I% !Q#V% 6W$34~/+/%49(+
%4Y+F&%4z'.>*.%#'C#R4!/J%*\#R*3/*.%J01&2
%##3#$!/*.%" !P?
i wJ:I3#C4+*.-#0 S !B534Y*.%#TV4+*.-4&-#=2
/:&Tn:;*.01#I"#%#%#+/Y!)/#":I*%4g6Ic?
~+*.-2
-#$9/:&Tk:;*.01#IO#$&%#%4I+F"+{3#%4-#L*f:;$
#I#+\N'6%
h
3#+TM$B3#% =*.6!&-4
C#Tl>%4I6+
/I+/05%4&~(
h
3#+U(*.+%\3#%4*6!&-#~4&<?G@^*R34>/#
- *!6.\&'*+/#0 ,\%#IZ/*":;$)*.%l=*.01)0J!y01
+/:F1/01[#34:FJ/4!A(P4U:I*%4JI6.I#$&%#%#+3 =
01*+/Q/4&%p#$1&01*34%.5*&(D/01"#%p,V#:;$"4&
/#
h
3#+T3#%4*6!&-#?,3NpI2cI:E":I*3#$k-
/4!~wQ:;3#~'G#:FJ+A%#:;//&+/T\%5/#R*3*%
4&N&+/C+*.%#'&(3#TI;/"(+/*0 /#B+*0J<?
{)4b6.):F#*.I%ZQ#zI+/I%U##+/*..:FN%4N,\34)
(3#ITL+*0J&{/*Z+#+=%B#Q0J%#43#&*%O'+F&4<?
{>;P/#~'~#+*.-4&-4z9TS*&(#'.6.I%C'.

,II%4\*%
#*!n0Y34:FB/01#A:;*.++/ *.%4%#'R:I*%4BI6.I#$&%#%#+
4.=I%R+/:F#%#')(*+A4B4!/V+/I4+=%./-T

9;
m|
L
;
C

;
;
;

;
C

{
x`

#I+/
;
C

;
RU/#101Q=I%B-WTZ#Q:I*%4LI6
qDv +/:F#%#'n(*.+V#{4!/+/I4+=%./k-WT
[S%4
;
;

;
C

JB#1/*&/G01Q=I%)-WTl>:I*%4{I6
#$&%4%#I+FI?
@A#V0J&%##3#$!/*.%g#$&%#%#+Y$5&'.%6W$g%*{
+%#%#'Y#4C&%4"
h
3#I+/TJ#4.=.[W#:FV&+/U#'.%#
-WTZ&%4*.'T"*"#1:;*.++/*%4%#'Q44U*&(
:;*%L}#[
Iy:II^4&P/#0J%#43#&*%B'.+/#B^-#3#$)3#+/%#'D/#
%"%#$&<+/3#%V*&(#B+%#%#'5#4.=.?
ÿþ.ÿ
t
bx
r
{s

t
|
'ÿ
%"/#\:;34++/I%6+/*.%*(^/#
#$&%4%#I+U453 =+B*+U#J:II%\=*(o9,+54.R/*Z=3#4#T
-*&/

#

[
VY0)')."fJ
C&%4
-')#

G(*+G.:FY*(44%40J&+/^%
/#Y0J%#43#&*%{'+F&#P?B U$C *-#Y*V+/34:I)/#$
+/
h
3#+01I%*B893 9

#

B-WTN&3/*0J!/:&TV:I:I3#&%#'
'9#

%4
V
0/'9."KJ
3 =%#'D%W6I+F7%#01&$:IP*+^D%#01&$:
+/*..0J&_|Ea ?
#*W*.%4'"/#Q=/&-41*-#89:EB*.z/*.%4C$
"4&+FM4+*.-#0%{/I(9?Y{J:;3#+/+%TV+/ITl*ITN*%
/#S3 =+/*5.#3wQ:;I%9F&-#U *=*%4~*50J&.R/#
#+/*-40=*.6!-#.?
@A#"%40J&+/B*&(*34+)+/*.#01n&+/Q#O*%#-T
*.%#[)%4j:Fj$&%40J+{:;*.%#%#:;*e/#p*#+

$&%4#01+J%e/#l+/*..0J&<?j (B9,*g$&%4#01+4b6
/#Q015*.-89:;\:;*%#K4'3#+F!/*.%M/#IT{&+/5:I*%#%#:E/{-WT
N/+/%4z\'.?V (A/#IT{4b61/#"/&01J'.+/.={+&*%
/#ITM+5:;*%4%#:;l-WTN+F&% 9(+S'.?
M
~[%#*V#'
$S.#?DiRS%M#5]#3#IT

~qDv ,)*"%#*&S6I+/(T/#
(-#z9TJ*(<#C'4I%Q/#IT"&+/S:;+/&[W%4=
%#'G&+/,.'.%#5&%5#'A#+/*-4-#9TB*&(
~ _
=%4:;J|
Y01%4A !A#B !N4.A- I%V(*34%4
~
E?
%e:V*(\O+'.Z%340)-I+Q*(C$&% 0J&+/W1"01'
-\%#:;//&+/T1*J*%4TV:;*%4%#:;D:FN$&%4#01+Q*J/
s
:I*=9%#'.-*+F[W:F4*.I%V-T"=*.05B$=/&% :;C01;+/$:&?
ÿ
ÿ%û

s

^t
|
'ÿ
{l=/+=J/#
h
3#I+/Tp44Z-WT
3##&%#'N#J0J%#43#&*%O'+F&4L{4Q9F&+)&%4
'.*.&G:;*.%K4'.3#+/&*%Z*(>#1TW=0N?U (#5*-#89:EC$R3#%#2
'.+/.=O%pz/#I+Y#N=/&+Y*.+Y'.*.:;*.%K4'.3#+/&*%O/#
:I*+/+=*%4#%#'Y%40J&+/QP4b6C&%V3#%4IK4%#"'.+/.=
%W3#0Y- +?%N#$D:I.=C/#\%#*BP*%4T"- ):I*%#%4:E/
/*L*#+Y%#*5z/p/#V/&01"*-89:E5+F&%4=(*+/0J!*%
-WTJ/+/%4=D4&4?
@A#R*:I 4%#%#I+F>3 =J3#+/%#')#S3##'.+/.R=IQ*
K4% M(-#\/+/%4zC*+S+F&%4=(I+U4&4S(*+U/#Y%46W2
34<#'*.%#'1101%##3#$!*%N4&<[ &+/C#zI+/I%D%2
=/%4:;7*&(#D(3#IT)*%.2/*&2  *.%

qDv #%#%#+#XS%#
%4=/&% :;Y(*+U:FL *-#Y'+FM*&(~#1*-#89:E?\@A#
#$&%4%#I+FC&+/)34M*N#$&%M/#5+F&%4=(I+U4&4?)@^*"3##2
'.+/.)1/+/%49(+S')z/LQ &+$:;3#$&+S'+F<[4,)34
/#\]#3#IT
~qDv /=*:I&z/V#$'+F<?
{l:;*.3#$ b6N% :;34k%k% 9F&%4:IZ*&(U#Z(34IIT
*%=2c*&2 *%.
g
~qRv #$&%#%4I+(*+G.:FY=/-#,#$:II01I%
*(<#C*.-89:;[&%44I%V34=S4S#$&%4%#I+F*5#%Q/#
/+/%4=\4&4?
% :;J/#Q%W3#0)-I+Y*&(D=/&-4Q:I*%K4'.3#+F!2
/*.%$534=3 &Tn$&+/'

$&+/'I+Y4I%#N%W3#0)-I+1*(S(o2
(+%.\'.+/.= 
$
;[P&%4n%4:;J\)3434&Tl0)34:Fn+C*
#$&%nV/+/%4=\4&{4%{*Z#$&%nV+F&% 9(+B4!/<[^,
4b6.:F#*.I%1B+%.,=*.3/*.%<?L34RC%#'.A(34IIT
*%=2c*&2 *%.
(
qDv *Q*6B&/+/%4=D4&4?>{)*
/#D-T"/=*:;$!/%4'51=*&(G#+/*-4-#[*%#U(*+:F
=/-#)*-89:ER*.z/*.%<[z/Z#)'.[4%49/.Z*&(8934=
*.%#\#+/*-4-#9T?A{Y:F#*W*.C4)+/'..SI%+/T"%N4)=
 %4%#'Z*%L4Q9F&-#1*-89:E\#$:II01I%\/=*:I&
V4C+F&%4z4&N,C+B:I*%4#I+/%#' ?
'#$:Fl&+/\/='%4V#+/*-4-#9TV1(*.+SJ'.6.I%
*.-89:;M#.:;05%Z+V8934=l#$#%m#I%m,n01n
h
3#+TO(*.+14&14.:;I01%.?@A4"'J&+/"#*!,I6.I+
.I%Q4U+/*..0J&"3#%#T&+/S.'.%##+/*-4-#2
9TJB(*+A& *-4S*-89:E4.:;I01%.FI?G@A#U#+/*-4-#2
9TJ*&(</#C'.%"4S0J&%4#34&*%'.+/#Q$,'6I%"-WT
h
3 !*%
z
`
;?A]4+*.0/4!U
h
34&*%NzC:I%Z- )I%N4&
%B'.>%#I6.I+P-.'%#S4+*.-4&-#z9TC#?@A#I+/;(*.+
,%#6+5IV'.)(+*.0 #V0J&%##3#$!/*.%p'.+/#<?
34# *=A/4!7/#34I+7*.+G#D:II%~*&(o9A&+/4.>4
3wQ:;I%L%4*W#l#3#+%#'k/#p+%4%#'e= 34:Fm4&
/#I+/Q;y$95M4&
4

$
B(+*.0 =/+=\/*M'*&,&%4n&)=
*.%#S*(<4S4&4,$:;34T5(-#.?>@A#I%"*3#+'.*&2
+/z/#0 *.%4:;C%
h
3#+T#4[DP=/bT1/#I+/B3#%/#
0J&%4#34&*%V#+*.-#I0 $D*6<?
i

gceRTS

ce[éWµZKd
t
ïceU6ødWµU
@A#~'.*+/z/#0eA01#01I%C%
)
GgG
n*%\
<
..v

R
G%./340=A+/3#%#%#%#'Qk%4*!DSR@C?XS3#+D#+/*'.+/0 34
|

`l:I*%44Y*.%g/#Zb6I+F&'.
u
9|l3#-4
h
3#%.J+/3#%4
6
B/*
*6O/#p0J&%4#34&*%j#+/*-#I0 #+/*-#I0 #*!%m*%
]'3#+/Q`#?V@A#)#+/*-#I0 %W6*.6.B%O<2 4 L*.-89:;
%45D%#$&T54.C9F&-##$:II01I%/~*&(4D*-89:E?
@A#U0J&%##3#$!/*.%"'.+/#":I*%/%4)*/*&(|

Y$&% W2
0J&+/I?
Rb
ZA9/0J&V/*
|
}}#?@A#)'*.D*Q-4+%#'
/#*.-89:;)(+/*0 #V*.z/*.%p=4*!%g!5%44=4*&

;[
#+5/#J*-89:EB$C- #% {#J+/'.U*.-49F:I.[*N/#
K4% & *=*%N#*!%"&%44=4*&
f

m
E[##+S4U*.-89:;
$B-;9,II%{/#J9,*Z*-4=/.:;C*%O/#J;(o?Z,:&341*&(
/#S$&+/'S=IU&%4Q#C9/+/%#'S=4 S*&(</#U*-89:E[/#
+/*-*&14Y/*{431#N*-#89:EQ*!%&%4p+'+Fg5/*
:I*01#;U/#C/.=?
SVU6ùøåU%U6SV÷([
{S4b6.R34:I:I/9(3#T5='%4Q%4J05405%&%
'.*+/z/#0:I4&-4B*(G &%4%#'J0J&%##3#$!/*.%V4%#%#%#'
(*.+PDTW=0:I*%4$9/%#'*(#D=%#'.>+/#3#%4#%.<+/*-*&&+/0
0J&%4#34&%#'Y5=%#'.S05*!6!-#S*-89:EAz/")K4%#C=I
*(P9F&-#S4.:;I01%.FI?7@A#$,,.#*%#S-TJIyWI% %4')/#
qDv (+F&01*.+Nn&%{'.Y4+*.-4&-#z9Tl%#%#*/!/
+/*..0J&<[:IVY(3#IT+/*..0J&<?
ûÿ
)ns
ûü
ÿ
W
ÿ
W

S3#+/%4'#A6I*405%P*&(
/#):;34++/I%S##+/*.:FP[\ b6\$:I34/=V#Y *-42
9T1*&(P01*!6W%4'\4S/+/%4=(I+,4!/4>(+/*0 /#C=:;*% QI6
qDvM~*Y#SK4+F9A6 0J&%4#34&*%'.+/#<?G@A#$
+/I01*!6)#1/011*.=C4I%
h
34I+/T%#'V41:I*%4LI6
qDv (*+5/+/%49(+Y ! )/4!J*{%#*&1;y$9?p]#34+=/#I+2
01*+/[G%:Q",%)*L'%#I+F!/J#V9F&-#*.-89:;
:I*%K4'.3#+F!*% ~&3#*0J&$:I&T[zA- U*./=-#R/*YI2
3 :;B%(*+/0J!*%V(+/*0#\0J%#43#&*%N'+F&4V- *.3
#+1%l/#J,*+/W4.:;)\,*3#$l-Q#6b%/&'.I*.34D/*
'.I%#+/&Y#=Q:I*%K4'.3#+F!*% I?J@A#$C#N$C3#%4+\%#2
6.='.!/*.%<?
®Q´

±X°
 
% #&
"!
p4
$#%!'&
4&
)(
µ¿8)º*
$*
g
%!
%
,+
#
.-/
X #&
10
2&
*"
43
£ #
5+
#&8"
46
 #&
17
80

90$
Xa
:<;
!&8 #
=&>+ -

?*@(AB0
 #"X$
DC&>E
µ*
&F0
*
G;&>0
-( Ë
IH
£"X
26
'Ë
G7
&8
80;KJ L
¦*
$#
B'"
D0$
% #&
(M&?(
µ¿
NEK;OCP;
XX
2&IQ"&=6

&?#
Â
&
*&
E
µ"s&
GA(R7
(
µ*
G0
 #"
%(&
4
G0"EK;S3
10
RTU- V
é-
WW
,-
XV!'&
HV+.-é+
Y7Z[
*3'2'2
?\O&
*"6
3
10
RT.-
+¬0
BW
s0
RV^]=[
'2
?\F7
2
<]]
2'2
F3)J? 
%
_&?AR0$
%4&
P!

A+

`+
#
,#

a0

0$M&
*"
B#
0$
%K&
10
K4)
b0$
X£
:K;
!&8 
5&?+P-

*@(BAB0
 #"%$
^c
é
?A(.&>0
-é #
H
£"X
26
'Ë
G7
&8
80;
5
ed
é"X
,#fc
£*V!'"E
g0
Ë&8Ë"Ù5
RC&
H&p/
N6
'Ë$
e&?&
4V
@&
*"%
@h
L*
G0
Ë"
C
Ù #"6å
g0
Ë&8"
I&>0_H
£"X
26
'Ë&8
80;
*)Ù0Â
AR0$
%Ë"
^i
:"
B*j&
4
$#
:)º4
0$
X ð

*@*
gË"
<0
&
&
*"6B&
GA(B(
µ*
G0=J

Citations
More filters
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Learning-Assisted Multi-Step Planning

TL;DR: In an off-line learning phase, a classifier is trained to quickly predict the feasibility of a query and an improved multi-step motion planning algorithm uses this classifier to avoid wasting time on infeasible queries.
Posted Content

Footstep and Motion Planning in Semi-unstructured Environments Using Randomized Possibility Graphs

TL;DR: This work introduces a planning method, called the “Randomized Possibility Graph”, which uses high-level approximations of constraint manifolds to rapidly explore the "possibility” of actions, thereby allowing lower-level motion planners to be utilized more efficiently.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Efficient and safe path planning for a Mobile Robot using genetic algorithm

TL;DR: A new method for path planning using a genetic algorithm is proposed using a novel environment representation which allows a more efficient method for obstacles dilation in comparison to current cell based approaches that have a tradeoff between speed and accuracy.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Robust robotic assembly through contingencies, plan repair and re-planning

TL;DR: This work shows results where simple planning strategies paired with exception-handling are able to achieve the same outcomes as more elaborate methods would, without the computational cost associated with more sophisticated planners.

Multi-step motion planning: application to free-climbing robots

TL;DR: Using the multi-step planner presented in this dissertation, LEMUR free-climbed an indoor, near-vertical surface with artificial rock features, demonstrating that planning is absolutely critical.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI

Probabilistic roadmaps for path planning in high-dimensional configuration spaces

TL;DR: Experimental results show that path planning can be done in a fraction of a second on a contemporary workstation (/spl ap/150 MIPS), after learning for relatively short periods of time (a few dozen seconds).
Proceedings Article

OBPRM: an obstacle-based PRM for 3D workspaces

TL;DR: This paper presents a new class of randomized path planning methods, known as Probabilistic Roadmap Methods (prms), which use randomization to construct a graph of representative paths in C-space whose vertices correspond to collision-free con gurations of the robot.
Proceedings Article

On finding narrow passages with probabilistic roadmap planners

TL;DR: Y@lBEDGF HEIKJ L„DzMPORQSIUT MV@CW2X >A@CBEDGF HeIKJRX\[^]\X,L>z]  ~Uw ’Nw2x  “eUfa3Vx=
Proceedings Article

Two manipulation planning algorithms

TL;DR: This paper addresses the motion planning problem for a robot in presence of movable objects with an overview of a general approach which consists in building a manipulation graph whose connected components characterize the existence of solutions.