scispace - formally typeset
Open AccessProceedings ArticleDOI

A two level fuzzy PRM for manipulation planning

Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
An algorithm which extends the probabilistic roadmap (PRM) framework to handle manipulation planning by using a two level approach, a PRM of PRMs, made possible by the introduction of a new kind of roadmap, called the fuzzy roadmap.
Abstract
This paper presents an algorithm which extends the probabilistic roadmap (PRM) framework to handle manipulation planning. This is done by using a two level approach, a PRM of PRMs. The first level builds a manipulation graph, whose nodes represent stable placements of the manipulated objects while the edges represent transfer and transit actions. The actual motion planning for the transfer and transit paths is done by PRM planners at the second level. The approach is made possible by the introduction of a new kind of roadmap, called the fuzzy roadmap. The fuzzy roadmap contains edges which are not verified by a local planner during construction. Instead, each edge is assigned a number which represents the probability that it is feasible. Later, if the edge is part of a solution path, the edge is checked for collisions. The overall effect is that our roadmaps evolve iteratively until they contain a solution. The use of fuzzy roadmaps in both levels of our manipulation planner offers many advantages. At the first level, a fuzzy roadmap represents the manipulation graph and addresses the problem of having probabilistically complete planners at the second level. At the second level, fuzzy roadmaps drastically reduce the number of collision checks. The paper contains experimental results demonstrating the feasibility and efficiency of our scheme.

read more

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report


! #"%$'&(*),+.-(/10243'3*3!56+."7&8&
:9<;=?> @!BA?> CEDF4GHCJIKFHLDM;HCEDDF*DN
OQPRTSVUXWYSZK[]\_^a`bSVcedVU%ce[ \gfhSVZjik^almZn1RYZpo1S
qsrptvuxwytXz'{*|~}p{*'.t tXKwyz4t%ygLypt%ze%tXp%t
.tXz'{*.~yarptXz'bt%pwyz'| _XtptXz'{'
yy
t%p{*tk¡tXpwyz'| ¢p{4£Kq7¤ ¥¥
y
K¦§
t%¨.{'tX¡©.:ª«{
:ª
| |Tw6ezwy|,¬©X{%ªz'.%tyªt
®Q¯£°±!²%³,´µ±
¶·6¸º¹(»Y¼»Y½4¾K»¾¿½H¹H½4ÀTÁ.¹J¼ÂÀ¼Âà ÄXž¸ÆÁÆ·µÇÉÈ·µ¸ÊË·½ËÌXÁ¬½4ÀyÍ¹ÁÆ·T½
»¾¿Å!Î¼!Î4¸ÆÃ#¸º¹Á¸Ê1¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»ÐÏÒÑ¡ÓJÔ7ÕeÖ¾¿¼Çs½HÈ(ž¿×JÁ8Å£·T¼Ày͵ë½:Çs¼Ø
ÀÙ¸ »yڵë¼ÂÁ.¸ÅÂÀL»yë¼ÂÀTÀT¸ÆÀ6ÄXÛs¶·6¸º¹a¸º¹aÍXÅÀ½EÎHÜLÚ6¹¸ÆÀ%Ä_¼LÁÈ(Åë½4Ý½4Ã
¼»!»y¾ËÅ*¼XÊË·6ÞQ¼ÑKÓaÔßÅVÖÐÑKÓJÔ¹4Ûà¶·T½á(¾¹Áë½4Ý½4ÃLÎ4Úµ¸ÆëÍ¹
¼âÇs¼ÀÙ¸ »yڵë¼ÂÁ.¸ÅÂÀxÄ!¾¿¼Ë»T·%ÞÈ·YÅ¹4½ÀyÅ'Í!½H¹v¾¿½8»y¾¿½H¹4½HÀÙÁs¹Á¬¼XÎHÃã½
»ë¼!Ê½4Ç7½4ÀTÁ.¹LÅÖBÁÆ·T½Ç7¼ÂÀT¸ »yÚµÃã¼Á8½ËÍÅXÎÒä4½Ê4Á¹BÈ·µ¸Æë½LÁÒ·Y½s½Í4Ä%½¹
¾¿½8»y¾Ë½¹4½4ÀTÁÁ.¾¿¼ÂÀY¹ÒÖH½4¾å¼ÀÍgÁ¾¿¼ÀT¹¸ÆÁK¼!Ê4Á¸ÅÀY¹4Û7¶·Y½g¼!Ê4ÁÚT¼ÃYÇsÅØ
Á¸ÅÀa»ë¼ÀÙÀT¸ÆÀ6Ä(ÖHž1ÁÆ·T½Á¾¿¼ÀT¹ÒÖH½H¾¼ÀÍgÁ¾¿¼ÀT¹¸ÆÁ6»Y¼ÂÁÆ·6¹1¸º¹ÍXÅÀ½
Î4ÜÑKÓaÔæ»yë¼ÂÀTÀy½4¾¹¦¼ÂÁJÁÒ·Y½¹4½ÊÅÀyÍvë½4Ý½HëÛç¶·Y½¼»!»¾¿Å*¼XÊË·
¸º¹LÇ7¼XÍ!½å»TÅ¹¹¸ÎHÃã½Î4ÜÁÒ·Y½7¸ÆÀÙÁ.¾ËÅ*ÍÂÚTÊHÁ¸ÅÀÅÖs¼¦À½HÈ~×¸ÆÀÍÅÖ
¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»ÙÞÊ¼ÃÆÃã½ËÍJÁÒ·Y½ÖÚXèè4Ü¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»Û7¶·Y½ÖÚXèè4Ü¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»
ÊÅÀÙÁ¬¼Â¸ÆÀY¹½Í4Ä%½¹:È·6¸Ê·_¼Â¾¿½1ÀÅÁeÝ½4¾¸ áé½ÍEÎ4Üg¼gëÅ*Ê¼ÂÃ»yë¼ÂÀTÀ½H¾
ÍÂÚµ¾¸ÆÀ%ÄÊÅÀT¹Á.¾ÚTÊ4Á.¸ÅÂÀyÛLêÀT¹Á8½¼!ÍÞ½¼XÊË·k½Í4Ä%½s¸º¹s¼¹¹¸ÄÂÀ½Í¼
ÀÙÚµÇ7Î½4¾gÈ·6¸Ê·v¾¿½¬»¾¿½H¹H½4ÀTÁ.¹gÁÆ·T½»y¾¿ÅXÎ˼XÎH¸ÆÃ¸ÆÁ.ÜÁÒ·Y¼Á:¸ÆÁ:¸º¹(ÖH½¼Ø
¹¸Î4ë½*Ûìëe¼ÂÁ¬½4¾Þ_¸ ÖvÁÆ·T½½ËÍ*ÄX½¸º¹s»Y¼Â¾ÁÅÖk¼¹4ÅÃ#ÚµÁ¸ÅÀ»T¼ÁÒ·%Þ
ÁÒ·Y½½ËÍ*ÄX½E¸º¹gÊ·Y½Ê×!½ÍÖHÅ¾EÊÅÃÆÃ#¸º¹¸ÅÀT¹4Û¶·Y½BÅÂÝ½4¾¿¼ÂÃÆÃ½.í½ÊHÁ¡¸º¹
ÁÒ·Y¼ÂÁ(ÅÚµ¾¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»Ù¹E½HÝÅÃÝ½a¸ÆÁ8½4¾¿¼Á¸ÆÝ½4Ã#ÜLÚµÀTÁ¸ÆÃTÁÒ·Y½4ÜLÊÅÀÙÁ¬¼Â¸ÆÀ
¼¹4ÅÃ#ÚµÁ¸ÅÀÛî¶y·T½Ú6¹H½¦ÅÖÖÚXèËè4Ü¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»Ù¹¸ÆÀïÎÅÁÒ·kë½4Ý½4Ãð¹
ÅVÖÅÚµ¾BÇ7¼ÂÀT¸ »yÚµÃã¼Á¸ÅÀ¦»yÃã¼ÀTÀ½H¾LÅí½4¾¹BÇs¼ÀTܦ¼!ÍÝ¼ÀÙÁ¬¼*ÄX½H¹4Û
ñ
Á:ÁÒ·Y½£á¡¾¹Á:ë½4Ý½4ÃðÞ¼åÖÚXèè4Ü¾ËÅ*¼XÍÇs¼Ë»¾¿½8»y¾¿½H¹4½HÀÙÁ¹EÁÒ·Y½Çs¼Ø
ÀÙ¸ »yڵë¼ÂÁ.¸ÅÂÀÄ!¾¿¼»Y·k¼ÀÍ¼!Í!;¿½H¹Ë¹4½H¹ÁÒ·Y½»¾¿Å!Î4ë½4ÇòÅÖa·Y¼Ý'¸ÆÀ%Ä
»¾¿Å!Î¼!Î4¸ÆÃ#¸º¹Á¸Ê˼ÂÃÆÃ#ÜÊËÅÂÇ»ë½4Á¬½1»yë¼ÂÀTÀ½H¾¹B¼ÁéÁÆ·T½a¹4½ÊÅÀyÍ_ë½4Ý½4ëÛ
ñ
Á:ÁÒ·Y½B¹4½ËÊÅÂÀyÍë½4Ý½4ÃðÞÖÚXèËè4Ü¾¿Å*¼XÍÇs¼Ë»y¹7Í¾Ë¼¹Á.¸Ê¼ÂÃÆÃ#Ü¾¿½ÍÚTÊ½
ÁÒ·Y½vÀTÚµÇsÎ½H¾QÅÖvÊÅÂÃÆÃ#¸º¹¸ÅÀjÊ·Y½ÊË×¹4Ûó¶y·T½»Y¼»Y½4¾QÊÅÂÀTÁ8¼¸ÆÀY¹
½ËÌH»Y½4¾¸ÆÇ7½4ÀTÁ8¼Ãp¾¿½H¹ÚµÃ#Á.¹LÍ!½4Ç7ÅÂÀY¹Á¾¿¼Á¸ÆÀ%ÄÁÒ·Y½ÖH½Ë¼¹¸ÎH¸ÆÃ#¸ÆÁÜмÀÍ
½.ôâÊ4¸½4ÀyÊ4ÜÅÖBÅÂÚµ¾J¹HÊ·Y½4Çs½*Û
õ ö
[éWµRY÷1høåùyWµSV÷([
úaûüÙýþ.ÿ

¦ÿ

ü

¶·Y½KÄ%½4Ày½4¾¿¼Ã%Ç7¼ÂÀT¸ »ڵë¼Á¸ÅÀå»yÃã¼ÀTØ
ÀÙ¸ÆÀ%Äå»¾¿Å!Î4ë½4Ç
 !"#$&%#%#%#')(*+,+*.- */01&2
%##3#$!/%4'05*!6!-#7*.-89:;/<01*%#'=/!/:>*-4=/.:;?<@A#
'.*.&$7/*B-#+/%#'C/#D01*!6!&-#*-#89:EFG(+/*0HC'.6.I%J=/&+
:I*%K4'.3#+F!*%L*MN'.6.I%O'*&>:I*%K4'.3#+F!*%P?@A#Q*.-2
89:E/R&+/S*.%#T"&-#C*101*!6U#I%V/#ITV&+/S'.+/.="-WT
1+/*-*&?XS-89:EFD#$:FMJ&+/B%#*&S'+F 0Y349S- 5!
Q=/-#B *=*%Z.? ' ?[ +9/%#'Q'.%4=4\*-4=/.:;*.+
*#+U=/-#5*-#89:EFI?B]4*+BQ01*+/Y#;/L/:;+/*%
*(^/#B0J&%##3#$!/*.%"#$&%4%#%4'54+*.-#0IQ_ `bac?
@A#*3*%Y*U/#A01%##3#$!*%5#$&%#%4%#'C#+/*-40
4.14Z(*+/0d*(\
ïÇ7¼ÂÀT¸ »yÚµÃã¼Á¸ÅÀ»Y¼ÂÁÆ·
e#$:Ff"g=I2
h
3#%4:;\*(
Á.¾Ë¼ÀY¹¸ÆÁ
D%4
Á¾¿¼ÀT¹ÆÖH½4¾1»T¼ÁÒ·%¹
E?Uij+F&% 9(+R4&
$Qg3#-#4&k*(S/#l'.*.-4&#$&%k4I+/N#L*-89:EQ$
'.+/.=N&% N05*!6.V-WT/#)+/*-*&?im+F&%4R4!/ZS
3#-#4&n#+Q#V*-89:E)$\;(o1%pM=/&-4Q*.*%
#D4S+/*-*&:F &%#'.>'.+/.=P?q'+F#%#'B*I+F!/*.%4
+A#$&%#%4J&3#*0J&$:I&T)-WT5C0J%#43#&*%J#$&%4%#I+?
r;gs
(üTû
bt#^u
Xÿ
vM%#43#&*%j#$&%4%#%4'k4l+=$9/
IwJ:I%C*3*% S*Q(x+?C@A#$S$U%#*&B3#+4+$=%#'Q'.6.I%
/#":I*01#;yz9T{*&(A/#"01# !n4%#%#%#'l#+/*-40
_|}a&%4S4~##z/*.%4&#zwQ:;34z/<05*.U-WTD/#>#$&%#2
%#%#'1*&(G'+F#%#'1&%4V+/I'+F#%#'5*I+F!*% I?G%N% 34=2
/+$&~=3 \0J&%4#34&*%n$C(+
h
3#I%T{'.%#*+/?N]#*.+
Iy01#.[4%M/=0)-#T0J%/% &-#9T"=3 I[*-#89:EF
+Z/3#01f:I4&-#N*&(C01*!6%#'O-WTg/#I0JI6RQ$
:I*01#3F!*% &Tf%(.=-#l/*f:I*%4$I+V- *#O*.-2
89:E/B%4Z/#5*W*$E!&+/0JR%4I#l*N0J&%##3#$!/Y/#I0
4l:;3#+/+/I%Q9F!I2c*(o2/#;2&+J0J&%##3#$!/*.%4%2
%#%#' ?k#*.3U#*3#-U1+$&-#B0J&%##3#$!/*.%Z#$&%#%#+
  +01~(3#+4I+>/=%#'\*(;/3#4&%41#+/*34:;/~%4
/#\I6.I*#01%.*(^+/&$9/:C0Y3#&*%4,(*.+% 34=+/
;%#'.?"R*!6I&##$:I!/*.%n*0J&%4\34:Fg.\=34+'.:&
0Y3#$!*% ^%4)%#0J&*%)W*R-I%4;K#G(+/*0S01&2
%##3#$!/*.%"4%#%#I+\_||;ac?
ÿ%þ
t
*ÿ
WH
jüÙû
 S+%.J&'*.+401Y=*.6W%#'l6!+2
&*%4U*&(#J'.I%#+/G01%##3#$!*%{#$&%#%4%#'N#+/*-40
4b6.Z- I%k#+/**.f%f4lz/I+F!34+.?m@A4L*3*%
*(,C*'"%4{P!/*0Y- Z_|[>|.|Ea>$C*VK4+F9B#$&%nV4&
(*.+#)*-89:E[&%4V/#I%NK %4MJ
h
3#I% :;B*&(>:I*%#%#:E/
/+/%49(+%41+F&% =4&4[4&,0J/#S*.-89:;~/+/.:;
/#R4!/<?AiD%#*#+D01;4*WN4+*. *="-WTV]#I+/-4.:FN%4
A&+/+F
h
34&% p_a$\-4.={*%O6!&+/&*%4>TW%4&01$:1#+*2
'.+/0501%#'4?<@A4&3##*.+/K +/=<#$&%\0J&%4#34&*%B4&
%#n3#% :;*% 9/+/%#m:;*01*.z/n:;*%#K4'3#+F!/*.%4.:;
*(/#Q+/*-*&/)&%4{*-#89:EFI?V@A#I%O/#IT{I+F!/6.ITMI%#2
(*.+/:IN#M0J%#43#&*%e:I*%4=+F&%/1-WT0J%#'g0J&
I+3#+/-4&*%4N/*k4p4&j/*e01%#01k'.+/.34T
01*+/Z&%401*+/Z9/+$:EQI% &9Tp(3#% :E*%P[,34%./R#NK42
%4^ !LC:I*$=*%M(+5%4M01II/S4Y0J&%4#34&*%

:I*%4=+F&%/? iDW34:;%<[
3#Ff&%4vM&I+O_ }!a\4b6
#+/**.{V01;4*WL(*.+B01%##3#$!*%{#$&%#%4%#'Z4:F
$B&%L;yW%4=*%L*&(#
ñ
Í¾¸¼!ÍÂÀy½

¹

Ãã½HÈ
ñ
à Ä%Å¾¸ÆÁÒ·6Ç
_
ba
-4.=f*%k'.I%#I$:Z&'*+/#0J?miR01[D^&3#01*% k&%4
01I*.%P_ `!a4+=%./JY:;&+,&%4Q'I%4I+F& #/:;+//*.%J*&(
/#Y0J%#43#&*%M4%#%#%#'#+/*-40V?U@A#ITN'b6\*32
/*.%4B(*.+\- *n/#:Q*&(D$:I+IJ#$:II01I%F\*&(A/#
*.-89:;A%4J/#B:IU*&(^%%K4%#B;A*&(^'.+/.= I?%Q/#
:*&(U/:;+/;/"4.:;I01%.F5*&(D/#"*.-89:;[~#V-#3#2
%#'Q*(7#Y01%##3#$!*%Z'.+/#N;:;6ITN:I*01 *=
/#D#+/*-#I0 %./*\\;~*(*%=2c*&2 *%.4!/J#%#%#%#'
#+/*-401?

ÿ%û
ÿ

ü


û

Qss
ûü
t#u

%J*+F+7*5/:;+/-
*.3#+G*.+C,~K4+F=G'.6.,
h
3#$:FB*!6I+/6Wn*&(

qDv _
[|

!a ?
qDv -#3#4lk+/*..0J&*&(J%#*l%m/#p:I*%K4'.3#+F!2
/*.%p= :;

~2= :;

B*(#V+*.- *?{@P*{:;*% 9/+34:;)/#
+/*..0J&<["%340)-I+B*&(+/%4*0 :I*%K '3#+F!/*.%4R+1=I2
:;)%Y4(+/I

~2=4.:;,&%4Y&+/~34Y%#*?

*.
%#*J&+//=p(*.+Q:;*.%#%#:;*%z/*:I#%#%#+/?
:FO01VL*W:&,#$&%#%#+Y34:I:II#I[G/#N:;*+/+/ *.%4W2
%#'p'{$%4I+e% #{+*0J<? @A4"+/%4*.0
IyW4*.+/&*%N*&(G4
~2=4.:;B$D*(oI%L:I:I*014%#V-TN
#3#+/=$:54&Y4#\Iy/+/V%#*\%
"!
wQ:;3#
$#
N+/I'.*.%4
*(,/#
%
~24:I[^*l01#+/*!614Q +=(*.+0J%4:;Q%p:
#+,/#R*3*%54!/1'*W/#+*.3#'1%4++/*!g4./&'.
_
4[
&
[,|
'
!a ?l%4#6W$34&,#$&%#%4%#'
h
3#I+/)+*6O-WT
.#%#'{#l=/+=Q%4'*.:;*%#K4'3#+F!/*.%.J%#*1%
/#Z+*0Jp&%4/#I%34%#'O'.+/#+/:Fp*{K4%4f
4&Z:;*.%#%#:E%#'54U%4*W#?
@A#D##:!/*.%5*(#
(
qDv (+/01I,*+/B*\0J%#432
$!/*.%Z#%#%#%#'AR *-#)- :I&3 =\*(7#Y%/+*34:;2
/*.%*(S(34IIT+*0J4I?k]43#ITp+/*.#0145#+/*!6$Z
01#C,bT5/*1#&"#C#+/*-401A.*:;$!J
34%#'Y4+*.-4&-#=$:D*%=2c*&2 *%.A4&4%#%#I+FA*2
:&#%#%#+/[%4l*Q#+/*!6W#\;wQ:;I%C *.%2/*&2  *.%
#$&%4%#I+FI?
@A#S]#3#IT
)
qDv %./+*3 :;1%
:E*%}U*(#$>4&2
I+[b-#3##G
¡ÖÚXèè4ÜJ¾¿Å*¼XÍÇs¼Ë»
Q#*=>'P+~%#%#*/!/
-WT\U#+/*-4-#9T?^@A4#+/*-4-#9TBG%Y9/0J!/*(4/#
:F4%4:;)4&S/#5'.Y$S.:E/34&TV(-#5? ?B:;*.$=*%
(+/I.?"@A#Q4%#%#I+\#+/.9/:&TM+/#34:;{#J%W3#0Y- +\*&(
:I*$=*%g:F4:F\-WTO01%#01%4'M4"%W3#0Y- +Y*(R:F#:F
#$:Fk&+/N34=3 &TgA=#Z6+(TW%4'{'54&
+C%#*A &+A*(^/#CK4%4<=*.3#*%V4!/<?
+*
%
:E*%n`N,Q=4*! #*!H*Z3414Q]#3#IT
,
~qDv
/*)I6.I*JC0J&%##3#$!/*.%J#$&%#%#+?>XS3#+>0J%#43#&*%
#$&%4%#I+^PzF=z(#D]43#IT
-
qDv #$&%#%#+P#$:FB34(34IIT
*%=2c*&2 *%.

qDv 4%#%#I+F
!
*:&#$&%#%4I+F
.#
4?
%
:;*%
/
L,"4+=%.1*34+5Iy +01I%/,+/3#/?
02143657598;:$5<5987-=;>@?2?BACED4FHGI7.:6J9KL:MK959J3ON@PQJ97RK7RS<GTU:6N@V27L593
W
:6?BAXCED4FZY7B[\7RT]3O^_7RY`Ka]S+>T 5b:6N@723O>@KT AX:6N@YXa]NY7R^I72N@Y7RN'59T A`G'A
c
3O8T]a]Nd:6NYfeg:2[Jb:6h'ai j$kml
{\:;*.%4:;34CZ1/:;3 *.%"%
:;*%

?
n o
ø
pqp
f
srutwv
%\,+F#z/*.%4&!+/*..0J&C&%C'.7- I9I%U9,*%#*
+/I#+/I%F74D(x:;/4!A\4+=/:I3#$&+~*:I #$&%4%#I+,,.
-#R*5:;*%4%#:;~4R9,*\%#*-WTJB(-4S4!/<?7@A#
-4=%4:;J*(A%n'.J01&% C4&\4:;*.%#%#:;*%{(x&
*.+UAC%4I6+CI6%{+/
x
x- :I&3 =54J%#*B,I+/Y*W*
(x+)&4+=
O
E?N{:;*.3#n/bTM/4!Yz(/#I+/Q;y$95&%n#'
-;9,I%Z9*"%#*[#%Z4Y')(*3#%4l-WT"/#5*:I
#$&%4%#I+C$C(.=-#5{#+/*-4-#9Tg|[^&%4Lz(A%#*N#'
IyW$=/#I%"#B4+*.-4&-#z9T1$#?7@A#C#Y- #% (34IIT
+/*..0J&4^/*U%#%#*/!/,'*&(4/#A+*0J)
34:F)#+*.-4&-4z9T.[:&14
L½Í4Ä%½£»¾¿Å!Î¼!Î4¸ÆÃ#¸ÆÁÜ
!?>%4=
*(D+9/+$:E/%#'l#"#+/*-4-#9TL/*
zy
b
|{
I|
_}
,;1z5/
%TJ6!3#B%n_
~{
I|Iac#%4:;U/#B%4&01
!
=(3#IT
#
Y+/*.#01<?
@A#Q'1#+/*- &-#9Tl$\%{9/0J&J*&(,4:F4&% :;
/4!RJ !N^&+D- \(*3#%4N-WTV1*:I<#$&%#%4I+?~%
/#,:;*.%;yW,U&+/D(+/ID/*)34C\W% J*&(P*:I #$&%4%#I+[
#$:F"#*Y%#*,%4:;/&+/T1'3 &+F&%#U(-#z9TJ*(^
'.6.I%V4!/<[4-#3#D#:FZ$D-#C/*J0J&B5(x.9D9/0J!/
*(P4B#+*.-4&-4z9T*&(^/D;y=%4:;.?
.349B.5#J'.I%#+/

qDvn[4Q]#3#IT
u
qDv  C
+%#%#'M44"%4g
h
3#+TO# [7-#31%n#N]#34IIT
qDv ,,=/+=G-WT\I%/I+/%#'S4
h
3#+TC# [%4\*.%#T)z(
/#R+/*..0J&

%#$&TJ:;*.%4=%#'\*(*.%#T)/#S=/+=%4
'.*.&%4*W#
@
Q#*g%#*&V:;*%F&%fg *-4M*3*%k !P[
/#I%5893#01f/*L/#Z&+/%#%#'{#4V*O054+*!6./#
+/*..0J&<?Z]'.3#+/M|#*!D\

*! :F &+\*3/%#%#'M/#
'.*+/z/#0N?\%l/#J]#3#IT
u
qDv ,J*V%#*&B+/3#%l/#1*2
:&P4%#%#I+R*Q6.I+/z(TV#'S##Z3#+/%#'J4)&+/%#%#'
# ?>%4=V*&(76.I+/z(TW%#'5#\'I[,\/'.%"/#I0
%p%#z/'.N#+*.-4&-4z9T.?p@A#%$!/I+1%/#
h
34I+/T
# [P(R&%O'J$\4+=\*(DN *-4*3/*.%{ !P[
,B&##TJ/#B*:&#$&%#%4I+A*J34#'+FU/#+/*- &-#9T?
ÿ

ÿ%û

s

t
|
'ÿ
@A#
h
3#I+/Tg#4.=N$Q#Q%./*
/#+9/I4

^%Y3##&[WC=&+F:F<[&&% Y%Y3#4'+F=IP?
%{#13##&Q=IO,J#L%#*C+/I4+=%./%4'/#
=/+=Y%4O'*&~:I*%K '3#+F!/*.%

xz(/#ITn+J%#*5+/.T
/#I+/
@
,&% V:I*%#%4:EA/#C*54B+*0J&P?
%M/#Y+/:FM=M,\K4%4M#501*.=S#+/*- &-#\4&
(+/*0 9F&+\*l'*.74+*.3#'O/#+/*..0J&<?Z@A#Q4+*.-2
-#9Tg*&(BO4!/

$QIK4%#k54M#+/*W#34:EQ*(S/#
#+/*- &-#U*(~45'
f
*
{._{'{$@
l&*%#'"#J !
4
~
*

E?
{NK4%4#$14&-T=I=%#'O/#N'.V,I'F)/*
9;9@E
9.
&% N#%Z-WTV3 =%#'S 89=+F
R'.*&2
+/z/#0H*\K %414R4&QJ/#R01%#0)3#0 3#0 *&(<#'
,I'/?k (C%#*n4!/f;y=Q,V+/;/3#+/%(x3#+/[,I$=N,
#+/*:;"z/"/#B3##'.+/.C9/I<?
@A#O3##'.+/.L= 4%4"4O.:E/34&U6+K :I&*%
*(/#Q4&<?Z]+F=\Q%4I+)&~'B%/*MN#+*+/9T

Return path
NO
YES
Query phase
Update step
Upgrade step
Remove
edge
Path probability?
Search step
Path found?
Construction step
Expansion step
Learning phase



0
]'3#+/)|
G]*!e:F4&+V&%Q*!6.I+/6W*(<(3#IT

~qRvn?
h
3#3#Cz/"/#I+#'C#+/*-4-#9TQ#+.IT?G@A4I%
,>+/I!P#~(**!%#'**.B3#%.z/#I+&'<+/:F
#+/*- &-#9TQ|*.+>3#%#/#*:&##$&%4%#I+~#/:;*!6.I+FB:I*2
*%M&*%4'1#\ !
4<
>y/+/.:E/#)'BZ/#\*!A2
9\#+/*- &-#9TZ(+/*0 #
h
3#3#[^0J&1/#J*W:&>4%2
%#+7 +=(*.+0H#*% &:;*.*%1:F#:FG&*%#'S4, !P[
%4n/='%L4#'QZ%# #+*.-4&-4z9TLII%4#%#'L*%
/#D%#e:;**.%J:F#:FY+=*.3/*.%<? (/#R*:I##$&%#%#+
$/:;*!6+/7Y:;*.*%<[.R#I;R#U:;*.++/ *.%4%#'B#'
(+/*0 #)+*0J&Z%4N+I3#+/%N*Q#)+/:FZ=<[ 
,)+/I%4I+D#Y'.)%*Q/#)4+*+/z9T
h
3#I34Y&% M:;*.%2
/%W3##"3##'+F#Q*W*.<?M (4#+/*-4-#9TL*(R&>/#
'&*%#'1/#B4!/ZD3##'+F#*Z|C4I%N4
h
34I+/T
$=*.6.V&%4",B+I3#+/%/#B4&<?
k#%n%#I{*M3#4'+FQZ !n,:&7#(*2
*!%4'5*:I#%#%#+


! "$#&%')(+*
[
 -,!./'10*2,
E[

3

465
-,!./'10*2,

7 "$#&%8'9(+*
:;
<:=5
}
?>
*+@*
>BA
*
C
5


þ.ÿ
CED
:-;
F:
;E5
"$#&%8'9(+*HG
'
)I9"2,!*KJ-"
G
'
"2,!*KJ-"
C

L
;M
NPORQ
')*$*
ûÿ

û
!
t
9
*ÿ
C
5
C
G
e|
ûÿ

û
!k
ÿ
@A#Y*:&#%#%#+UI+(*+/0JR:I*$=*%L:F#:FS*%Z/#
=+F&'%#C- I9I%Q/#B=*.3#+F:;C&%4Q/&+/'I,:I*%K4'.3#+F!2
/*.%l*&(~#14&l.? c?C45%#+S%I+/*$!*%l- I9I%
"$#1%8')(+*
&% 
S ,!.'10*2,
E?>@A#SK4+F9,01S,U%#IJ*53##'.+/.
V4&OJ:&7#J*:I7#%#%#+Bz/
,9
3
<
|[P%4
/#1*:I7#$&%#%#+B +=(*.+0JBV=%#'.J:;*.$=*%O:F#:FM&
/#R01$#R*&(/#R4&<[.4I+/I-WT5#6W$%4'\4R4&J%./*
9,*n3#%4:F#:F:;*%4?jDIy05Ll%#I*g3##2
'.+/.\/#J4!/L,5%4:I+
9
3

>-WTM*.%#1&%4{:IG/#
*:I&~#%#%#+Y&'&%<?N@A#Q+/3#zYC/4!5J &6J/#
$=/&% :;C- I9I%Z34:I:I/=6C:;*.*%N:F#:FA&*%#'5/#
%4U:F"01BB3#4'+FS#B'.?
{~4b6.>:F#*.I%C/*D0J&>#,=01#(TW%4'S/3#01*%
/4!,#C%W3#0Y- +*(P01AY'6I%
%
~2 4:IR4&"4/=
/#J- *.3#%4#+TL*&(,#
%
~2c*.-49F:I1*%4T{II%44\*%{/#
I%#'*&(U#Z !P?kLM0J"#$Q/3#01*%fI6.I%
/#*3#'.CzP%#*&</+34G(*+P01*9^=+/34:;3#+/UI%W6W+*.%#01I%/[
-:&34lM&*!D34"*f:F#*W*.l054{#+/*-4-#9T
01*Ic[+&%#'J4)I%#'Z*&(7/#) !M*J/#)%W3#0Y- +
*(*.-49F:I7-*3#% #&+/TRI%#I+F!/*.%4I[%405TS4

G*$*%
$=+/-#3#*%
7T
y
U
z99
WV
}x
AYX>?Z
X>\[^]
`_
[R#I+/
B$
/#"I%4'&p*&(D/#" !P[
aU
z
B$1l=*:F4=$:Q6!+$&-#
+/I#+/I%/%#'\#U%W3#0)-I+,*&(/01/#S !V:;+/*./=7/#
~2 *-4=/.:;7- *.3#%4#+T.[!&%4
Lb

#$P#05&%\6!3#*&(
U
z99
;?
( R4!/\*&(#I%#'
Q
44^-II%Y=34::;=(3#TB:F#:FB&
I6.I
~9
3

-WT)/#R*:I&4#%#%#+~*3#%#J&-*!6.[&4I%Q
4.- I%16W$Y%./*\}
?>
*+@*
>
3#-4:;*%4[!.:F)*( I%#'
>
)cd!e&dfc
?GT)34=%#'S#

G*./*%B#+/*-4-#9TB01*W#I#&% \/#
W%#*!'.B !
gU
0)3 9C- 5I6.I%
`
x- :I34=Y45:I*%K4'2
3#+F!/*.%g%:Fp%4*&(D/#N4!/$1:;**.%g(+/I

\,
:&%l34:I\4)(*.*!%4';y#+//*.%N(*+D/#5#+*.-4&-42
9TJ !R54!/N,(-#Q_|`ba
b
;
R{$
3
@
ih
_
j
'
:k
fb
>
)cd!e1dKc
a
A
cdfe1dfc
>
)cd!e1dKcml
<:
|
>
cd!e1dKcmn
<:
{
9|

#+

F:
$J/#O=0J&="$9F&%4:I[De4:Fk,
A&%1*nI+(*+/0 :;*.$=*%f:F#:FJ*.%#'O4!/4I?D*&/
/4!BC$C*./=-#Y/*V:F4*.

<:
6I+/TZ=0Jc[P%4:I1zB$
3#%4TV !U#1I% =5+=*.3#*%ZG-Y+/.:F#N(*.+
%TJ !NIy:II/#\*3*%V4!/<?
b
f:I%p-N=01&g;yI+/01%.F&Tn3 =%#'L#V(x:;
/4!
mo
Q_
U
z99
a
q
pb

9?>,T":F &%#'.%#'Y4
Lb
Z4+/05I+,D$
*./=-#,*\:;*.%+/*W4#%#%#+/G#+/;(+%4:;A/*!,+/\(x=
#$&%4%#%4'"6?\=#*.+=C=*.3#*%l ! I[-#3#U/#$R(!/3#+5$
-IT.*%4#\/:;*. C*(^/#A &I+?
q
éÿ
t
bx
r
1s

^t
|
'ÿ
ig:;*.%49/+3 :E*%B=B%4I+/
U
+/%2
*.01TU:F#*.I%C:;*.*%U(+7+*.- *P:;*.%K4'34+/&*%4<%#*
%*A47(3#ITS+/*..0J&<?P <#%\:;*.%#%#:;/:FC*&(W/#
aU
%#n%#*^/*R/
Hs
:;*.=^%#'.W- *.+/Pz/)#'?
:F
*(,/#Q'B+#+/I%/BZ !n-;9,I%O9*Z%4*W#?
t
R%#A%5#'.I%#+/

qDv *C%#*>+34%5U*W:&#4%2
%#+U*N6+(TN#J'.[% 9/L,1.'%l\&%{%4z/
#+/*- &-#9TJ'6%"-WTQ
h
34!/*.%

=|
@
,

3
@
e#?
iD%1IyW &%4*.%5=

x01+7%1%4&3#+/,*Q_
ba
m
>:F#*W*.
u
%#*\&% O +=(*.+0J\N+F&%4#*0 A&L=/+=/%4'"(+/*0

Goal
Start
]'3#+/S}
Gi01%##3#$!*%J'.+/#<?
*$J%#~+/I#+/I%
/+/%4=P4&4&% B*&\%#^+/I#+/I%+F&% 9(+P4&4?
:FZ*&(G/#)%#*I?

:FN*&(7/#
u
%#*S&+/\:F#*.I%
+F&%4#*01Tz/N5#+/*- &-#9T
!3


h
34&/*
~
^3

C

:
!3

}

;
;

C
9
:
{
}
#I+/
C

:
^3
VN/#g%W3#0Y- +M*&(1'.M=/+=/%4'e!
%#*
m3
\ !~,I+/AK4+F9.#5*B/#D+/*.#015%41$!+
Il3#+/%#'Q/#
h
34I+/TV44?
;
;

C

:
$S#Y*2
F&#%W3#0Y- +>*&(I;/5#'?%1:
;
;

C

:
>C,
W"#BIy4&%4*%N9/I<?
o
ø
pqp
f
rutwv
÷¡R
wv
óZK[åS

åøådZWYS÷([
XS3#+"&##+/*..:Fp/*g0J&%##3#$!/*.%k#$&%#%#%#'g${9,*
I6.I&01;/#*?P%C/#7K4+F=<6I74b6.7,(3#ITR+/*.#01
#$:F4bT~#C+/*R*&()0J&%4#34&*%'.+/#l_ `!a ?7@A#
#34+*.7*&(W4>0J&%##3#$!/*.%B'+F&#C$*R#:;*.01 *=G/#
0J&%4#34&*%k#$&%#%4%#'p#+*.-#I0 %*p0)3##l*%.2
/*&2  *.%A4!/"#$&%4%#%4'54+*.-#0JI[W#$:FV+C*6-WT
(3#ITU *.%2/*&2  *.%
4
~qRvH4%#%#I+F<&<#=:;*% SI6.Ic?
:FZ%#*Y%Z/#501%##3#$!*%l'+F&#Z+/I#+/I%FR
$&%4#01+N:;*.%4=%#'J*&(~J+/#Y:I*%/%4%#'"1+F&%4=(*+2
0J!/*.%0J&+/zy

#

[B'+F %W3#0Y- +
PV
0)')."fJ
[B&%4
+/*-*&1:;*%#K4'3#+F!/*.%n6:E*.+
'9#

?

#

 :;K45l=/&2
-#N#$:;01I%5*(R/#N01%##3#$!g*.-89:;[~4I+//#
*.-89:;):I&%{-JI(o)3#%#'.+/.=L-WTM4J+*.- *?
V
0/'9.-"fJ
$
/#B%W3#0)-I+*(G5'+F+/I$!/*.%*(^/#B*-89:E?Gim'.+/.=
+/I$!/*.%e=:IzK4nI'&S *=*% %4f*+/I%/&*%f*&(
/#5*W*Gl+/:EU*"454.:;I01%.C*&(~#1*-#89:E[
&Q#:F/#N*W*RQ-#N*n'+Fp*.-89:;?
p '9#

1$Q
:I*%K4'.3#+F!*%56:E/*+G(*+>#D+/*-*&[!(*+~#:F5/#D+/*-*&
/**.$)-#Q*L'+F{#"*-89:EY4.:;p!

#

3 =%#'
/#\'+F":;K4N-T"'+F"+/I$!/*.%
VY0/')."fJ
#?@A4B01&2
%##3#$!/*.%p'.+/#p')+/I#+/I%F\/+/%4=J&%4p+F&%4=2
(+S:;*%4?AP&% 0J&+/WD#*.B'+F"+/I$!/*.%4D+C/#
/&01Z&+/V:I*%#%4:E/-WTpL+F&%4=(I+1#'?k^&%40J+
#*=U*-#89:EA*.z/*.%4A&+/R/#B05C&+/S:I*%#%4:E/"-WT
Y+F&% ='.?
]'3#+/1}"#*!DSN0J&0J%#43#&*%L'+F&#<?YD*&/
/4!19,*L*(R4V$&% 0J&+/W1+V:;*%4%#:;-WTg-*&f
/+/%49(+\&%4OV/+/%4=B'.?@A4B$B-:&341#19,*
$&%4#01+>4+-*&/J#U01D*-89:E+F&%4=(*+/0J!*%
%4Q/#\/&01C'+F%W3#0)-I+?
(#,74B:I*01#;~4!/\#$&%#%#+/P!</#~:;*.%4CI6
,%O_ `!a

E[,S,*3#$"- B&-4S*16+(T14UIy=%4:;U*&(
:FN*&(G4B+F&%4S&%4V/+/%4=(I+D4&4R%N/#\0J&%4#3#2
$!/*.%M'+F&#M#3#+%#'V:;+/!/*.%<?UL1:;*.3#Z#1=*.6.\/#
0J&%4#34&*%M#$&%4%#%4'"#+/*-40 -WTM.#%#'V.#*%4
$&%4#01+U+/I#+/I%%#'#Q=/+=\&% l'.*.&7:I*%K4'.3#+F!2
/*.%4*&(4~=T=0V[!%4C=&+F:FR/#>0J&%##3#$!/*.%C'+F&#
(*.+YZ4&p:I*%#%4:E/%4'Z#V9F&+Y&% n'*&>$&%4#01+?
]%4&TO,:;*.3#$g:;*.%4:I&I% !Q#V% 6W$34~/+/%49(+
%4Y+F&%4z'.>*.%#'C#R4!/J%*\#R*3/*.%J01&2
%##3#$!/*.%" !P?
i wJ:I3#C4+*.-#0 S !B534Y*.%#TV4+*.-4&-#=2
/:&Tn:;*.01#I"#%#%#+/Y!)/#":I*%4g6Ic?
~+*.-2
-#$9/:&Tk:;*.01#IO#$&%#%4I+F"+{3#%4-#L*f:;$
#I#+\N'6%
h
3#+TM$B3#% =*.6!&-4
C#Tl>%4I6+
/I+/05%4&~(
h
3#+U(*.+%\3#%4*6!&-#~4&<?G@^*R34>/#
- *!6.\&'*+/#0 ,\%#IZ/*":;$)*.%l=*.01)0J!y01
+/:F1/01[#34:FJ/4!A(P4U:I*%4JI6.I#$&%#%#+3 =
01*+/Q/4&%p#$1&01*34%.5*&(D/01"#%p,V#:;$"4&
/#
h
3#+T3#%4*6!&-#?,3NpI2cI:E":I*3#$k-
/4!~wQ:;3#~'G#:FJ+A%#:;//&+/T\%5/#R*3*%
4&N&+/C+*.%#'&(3#TI;/"(+/*0 /#B+*0J<?
{)4b6.):F#*.I%ZQ#zI+/I%U##+/*..:FN%4N,\34)
(3#ITL+*0J&{/*Z+#+=%B#Q0J%#43#&*%O'+F&4<?
{>;P/#~'~#+*.-4&-4z9TS*&(#'.6.I%C'.

,II%4\*%
#*!n0Y34:FB/01#A:;*.++/ *.%4%#'R:I*%4BI6.I#$&%#%#+
4.=I%R+/:F#%#')(*+A4B4!/V+/I4+=%./-T

9;
m|
L
;
C

;
;
;

;
C

{
x`

#I+/
;
C

;
RU/#101Q=I%B-WTZ#Q:I*%4LI6
qDv +/:F#%#'n(*.+V#{4!/+/I4+=%./k-WT
[S%4
;
;

;
C

JB#1/*&/G01Q=I%)-WTl>:I*%4{I6
#$&%4%#I+FI?
@A#V0J&%##3#$!/*.%g#$&%#%#+Y$5&'.%6W$g%*{
+%#%#'Y#4C&%4"
h
3#I+/TJ#4.=.[W#:FV&+/U#'.%#
-WTZ&%4*.'T"*"#1:;*.++/*%4%#'Q44U*&(
:;*%L}#[
Iy:II^4&P/#0J%#43#&*%B'.+/#B^-#3#$)3#+/%#'D/#
%"%#$&<+/3#%V*&(#B+%#%#'5#4.=.?
ÿþ.ÿ
t
bx
r
{s

t
|
'ÿ
%"/#\:;34++/I%6+/*.%*(^/#
#$&%4%#I+U453 =+B*+U#J:II%\=*(o9,+54.R/*Z=3#4#T
-*&/

#

[
VY0)')."fJ
C&%4
-')#

G(*+G.:FY*(44%40J&+/^%
/#Y0J%#43#&*%{'+F&#P?B U$C *-#Y*V+/34:I)/#$
+/
h
3#+01I%*B893 9

#

B-WTN&3/*0J!/:&TV:I:I3#&%#'
'9#

%4
V
0/'9."KJ
3 =%#'D%W6I+F7%#01&$:IP*+^D%#01&$:
+/*..0J&_|Ea ?
#*W*.%4'"/#Q=/&-41*-#89:EB*.z/*.%4C$
"4&+FM4+*.-#0%{/I(9?Y{J:;3#+/+%TV+/ITl*ITN*%
/#S3 =+/*5.#3wQ:;I%9F&-#U *=*%4~*50J&.R/#
#+/*-40=*.6!-#.?
@A#"%40J&+/B*&(*34+)+/*.#01n&+/Q#O*%#-T
*.%#[)%4j:Fj$&%40J+{:;*.%#%#:;*e/#p*#+

$&%4#01+J%e/#l+/*..0J&<?j (B9,*g$&%4#01+4b6
/#Q015*.-89:;\:;*%#K4'3#+F!/*.%M/#IT{&+/5:I*%#%#:E/{-WT
N/+/%4z\'.?V (A/#IT{4b61/#"/&01J'.+/.={+&*%
/#ITM+5:;*%4%#:;l-WTN+F&% 9(+S'.?
M
~[%#*V#'
$S.#?DiRS%M#5]#3#IT

~qDv ,)*"%#*&S6I+/(T/#
(-#z9TJ*(<#C'4I%Q/#IT"&+/S:;+/&[W%4=
%#'G&+/,.'.%#5&%5#'A#+/*-4-#9TB*&(
~ _
=%4:;J|
Y01%4A !A#B !N4.A- I%V(*34%4
~
E?
%e:V*(\O+'.Z%340)-I+Q*(C$&% 0J&+/W1"01'
-\%#:;//&+/T1*J*%4TV:;*%4%#:;D:FN$&%4#01+Q*J/
s
:I*=9%#'.-*+F[W:F4*.I%V-T"=*.05B$=/&% :;C01;+/$:&?
ÿ
ÿ%û

s

^t
|
'ÿ
{l=/+=J/#
h
3#I+/Tp44Z-WT
3##&%#'N#J0J%#43#&*%O'+F&4L{4Q9F&+)&%4
'.*.&G:;*.%K4'.3#+/&*%Z*(>#1TW=0N?U (#5*-#89:EC$R3#%#2
'.+/.=O%pz/#I+Y#N=/&+Y*.+Y'.*.:;*.%K4'.3#+/&*%O/#
:I*+/+=*%4#%#'Y%40J&+/QP4b6C&%V3#%4IK4%#"'.+/.=
%W3#0Y- +?%N#$D:I.=C/#\%#*BP*%4T"- ):I*%#%4:E/
/*L*#+Y%#*5z/p/#V/&01"*-89:E5+F&%4=(*+/0J!*%
-WTJ/+/%4=D4&4?
@A#R*:I 4%#%#I+F>3 =J3#+/%#')#S3##'.+/.R=IQ*
K4% M(-#\/+/%4zC*+S+F&%4=(I+U4&4S(*+U/#Y%46W2
34<#'*.%#'1101%##3#$!*%N4&<[ &+/C#zI+/I%D%2
=/%4:;7*&(#D(3#IT)*%.2/*&2  *.%

qDv #%#%#+#XS%#
%4=/&% :;Y(*+U:FL *-#Y'+FM*&(~#1*-#89:E?\@A#
#$&%4%#I+FC&+/)34M*N#$&%M/#5+F&%4=(I+U4&4?)@^*"3##2
'.+/.)1/+/%49(+S')z/LQ &+$:;3#$&+S'+F<[4,)34
/#\]#3#IT
~qDv /=*:I&z/V#$'+F<?
{l:;*.3#$ b6N% :;34k%k% 9F&%4:IZ*&(U#Z(34IIT
*%=2c*&2 *%.
g
~qRv #$&%#%4I+(*+G.:FY=/-#,#$:II01I%
*(<#C*.-89:;[&%44I%V34=S4S#$&%4%#I+F*5#%Q/#
/+/%4=\4&4?
% :;J/#Q%W3#0)-I+Y*&(D=/&-4Q:I*%K4'.3#+F!2
/*.%$534=3 &Tn$&+/'

$&+/'I+Y4I%#N%W3#0)-I+1*(S(o2
(+%.\'.+/.= 
$
;[P&%4n%4:;J\)3434&Tl0)34:Fn+C*
#$&%nV/+/%4=\4&{4%{*Z#$&%nV+F&% 9(+B4!/<[^,
4b6.:F#*.I%1B+%.,=*.3/*.%<?L34RC%#'.A(34IIT
*%=2c*&2 *%.
(
qDv *Q*6B&/+/%4=D4&4?>{)*
/#D-T"/=*:;$!/%4'51=*&(G#+/*-4-#[*%#U(*+:F
=/-#)*-89:ER*.z/*.%<[z/Z#)'.[4%49/.Z*&(8934=
*.%#\#+/*-4-#9T?A{Y:F#*W*.C4)+/'..SI%+/T"%N4)=
 %4%#'Z*%L4Q9F&-#1*-89:E\#$:II01I%\/=*:I&
V4C+F&%4z4&N,C+B:I*%4#I+/%#' ?
'#$:Fl&+/\/='%4V#+/*-4-#9TV1(*.+SJ'.6.I%
*.-89:;M#.:;05%Z+V8934=l#$#%m#I%m,n01n
h
3#+TO(*.+14&14.:;I01%.?@A4"'J&+/"#*!,I6.I+
.I%Q4U+/*..0J&"3#%#T&+/S.'.%##+/*-4-#2
9TJB(*+A& *-4S*-89:E4.:;I01%.FI?G@A#U#+/*-4-#2
9TJ*&(</#C'.%"4S0J&%4#34&*%'.+/#Q$,'6I%"-WT
h
3 !*%
z
`
;?A]4+*.0/4!U
h
34&*%NzC:I%Z- )I%N4&
%B'.>%#I6.I+P-.'%#S4+*.-4&-#z9TC#?@A#I+/;(*.+
,%#6+5IV'.)(+*.0 #V0J&%##3#$!/*.%p'.+/#<?
34# *=A/4!7/#34I+7*.+G#D:II%~*&(o9A&+/4.>4
3wQ:;I%L%4*W#l#3#+%#'k/#p+%4%#'e= 34:Fm4&
/#I+/Q;y$95M4&
4

$
B(+*.0 =/+=\/*M'*&,&%4n&)=
*.%#S*(<4S4&4,$:;34T5(-#.?>@A#I%"*3#+'.*&2
+/z/#0 *.%4:;C%
h
3#+T#4[DP=/bT1/#I+/B3#%/#
0J&%4#34&*%V#+*.-#I0 $D*6<?
i

gceRTS

ce[éWµZKd
t
ïceU6ødWµU
@A#~'.*+/z/#0eA01#01I%C%
)
GgG
n*%\
<
..v

R
G%./340=A+/3#%#%#%#'Qk%4*!DSR@C?XS3#+D#+/*'.+/0 34
|

`l:I*%44Y*.%g/#Zb6I+F&'.
u
9|l3#-4
h
3#%.J+/3#%4
6
B/*
*6O/#p0J&%4#34&*%j#+/*-#I0 #+/*-#I0 #*!%m*%
]'3#+/Q`#?V@A#)#+/*-#I0 %W6*.6.B%O<2 4 L*.-89:;
%45D%#$&T54.C9F&-##$:II01I%/~*&(4D*-89:E?
@A#U0J&%##3#$!/*.%"'.+/#":I*%/%4)*/*&(|

Y$&% W2
0J&+/I?
Rb
ZA9/0J&V/*
|
}}#?@A#)'*.D*Q-4+%#'
/#*.-89:;)(+/*0 #V*.z/*.%p=4*!%g!5%44=4*&

;[
#+5/#J*-89:EB$C- #% {#J+/'.U*.-49F:I.[*N/#
K4% & *=*%N#*!%"&%44=4*&
f

m
E[##+S4U*.-89:;
$B-;9,II%{/#J9,*Z*-4=/.:;C*%O/#J;(o?Z,:&341*&(
/#S$&+/'S=IU&%4Q#C9/+/%#'S=4 S*&(</#U*-89:E[/#
+/*-*&14Y/*{431#N*-#89:EQ*!%&%4p+'+Fg5/*
:I*01#;U/#C/.=?
SVU6ùøåU%U6SV÷([
{S4b6.R34:I:I/9(3#T5='%4Q%4J05405%&%
'.*+/z/#0:I4&-4B*(G &%4%#'J0J&%##3#$!/*.%V4%#%#%#'
(*.+PDTW=0:I*%4$9/%#'*(#D=%#'.>+/#3#%4#%.<+/*-*&&+/0
0J&%4#34&%#'Y5=%#'.S05*!6!-#S*-89:EAz/")K4%#C=I
*(P9F&-#S4.:;I01%.FI?7@A#$,,.#*%#S-TJIyWI% %4')/#
qDv (+F&01*.+Nn&%{'.Y4+*.-4&-#z9Tl%#%#*/!/
+/*..0J&<[:IVY(3#IT+/*..0J&<?
ûÿ
)ns
ûü
ÿ
W
ÿ
W

S3#+/%4'#A6I*405%P*&(
/#):;34++/I%S##+/*.:FP[\ b6\$:I34/=V#Y *-42
9T1*&(P01*!6W%4'\4S/+/%4=(I+,4!/4>(+/*0 /#C=:;*% QI6
qDvM~*Y#SK4+F9A6 0J&%4#34&*%'.+/#<?G@A#$
+/I01*!6)#1/011*.=C4I%
h
34I+/T%#'V41:I*%4LI6
qDv (*+5/+/%49(+Y ! )/4!J*{%#*&1;y$9?p]#34+=/#I+2
01*+/[G%:Q",%)*L'%#I+F!/J#V9F&-#*.-89:;
:I*%K4'.3#+F!*% ~&3#*0J&$:I&T[zA- U*./=-#R/*YI2
3 :;B%(*+/0J!*%V(+/*0#\0J%#43#&*%N'+F&4V- *.3
#+1%l/#J,*+/W4.:;)\,*3#$l-Q#6b%/&'.I*.34D/*
'.I%#+/&Y#=Q:I*%K4'.3#+F!*% I?J@A#$C#N$C3#%4+\%#2
6.='.!/*.%<?
®Q´

±X°
 
% #&
"!
p4
$#%!'&
4&
)(
µ¿8)º*
$*
g
%!
%
,+
#
.-/
X #&
10
2&
*"
43
£ #
5+
#&8"
46
 #&
17
80

90$
Xa
:<;
!&8 #
=&>+ -

?*@(AB0
 #"X$
DC&>E
µ*
&F0
*
G;&>0
-( Ë
IH
£"X
26
'Ë
G7
&8
80;KJ L
¦*
$#
B'"
D0$
% #&
(M&?(
µ¿
NEK;OCP;
XX
2&IQ"&=6

&?#
Â
&
*&
E
µ"s&
GA(R7
(
µ*
G0
 #"
%(&
4
G0"EK;S3
10
RTU- V
é-
WW
,-
XV!'&
HV+.-é+
Y7Z[
*3'2'2
?\O&
*"6
3
10
RT.-
+¬0
BW
s0
RV^]=[
'2
?\F7
2
<]]
2'2
F3)J? 
%
_&?AR0$
%4&
P!

A+

`+
#
,#

a0

0$M&
*"
B#
0$
%K&
10
K4)
b0$
X£
:K;
!&8 
5&?+P-

*@(BAB0
 #"%$
^c
é
?A(.&>0
-é #
H
£"X
26
'Ë
G7
&8
80;
5
ed
é"X
,#fc
£*V!'"E
g0
Ë&8Ë"Ù5
RC&
H&p/
N6
'Ë$
e&?&
4V
@&
*"%
@h
L*
G0
Ë"
C
Ù #"6å
g0
Ë&8"
I&>0_H
£"X
26
'Ë&8
80;
*)Ù0Â
AR0$
%Ë"
^i
:"
B*j&
4
$#
:)º4
0$
X ð

*@*
gË"
<0
&
&
*"6B&
GA(B(
µ*
G0=J

Citations
More filters
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Robot Planning with Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms

TL;DR: Ant colony optimization algorithms are investigated in this paper for robot planning in configuration space, originated from the max-min ant system algorithm for traveling salesman problem and has some distinguished features, such as a path pruning mechanism, etc.
Posted Content

Pick-Place With Uncertain Object Instance Segmentation and Shape Completion.

TL;DR: This work uses the perceptual modules of a pick-place system to estimate their own uncertainty and then incorporate this uncertainty as a regrasp planning cost, which shows uncertainty-aware costs improve performance for complex tasks, e.g., for a bin packing task, object placement success is 6.2% higher in simulation and 4.1% higher than the commonly used minimum-number-of-grasps cost.
Book ChapterDOI

Place-and-Pick-Based Re-grasping Using Unstable Placement

TL;DR: In this article , a modified place-and-pick-based re-grasping strategy was proposed by using unstable placements as intermediate placements for re- grasping, where the robot can place the object in an unstable pose where the gripper can regrasp the object while using fingertips to constrain the object from moving.

Toggle prm: a simultaneous mapping of cfree and cobstacle for use in probabilistic roadmap methods

Jory Denny
TL;DR: Toggle PRM is proposed, which simultaneously maps both free space and collision space in order to guide the solution more efficiently and has increased efficiency as compared to other common sampling techniques in various motion planning problems because of this improved sampling in narrow passages.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI

Probabilistic roadmaps for path planning in high-dimensional configuration spaces

TL;DR: Experimental results show that path planning can be done in a fraction of a second on a contemporary workstation (/spl ap/150 MIPS), after learning for relatively short periods of time (a few dozen seconds).
Proceedings Article

OBPRM: an obstacle-based PRM for 3D workspaces

TL;DR: This paper presents a new class of randomized path planning methods, known as Probabilistic Roadmap Methods (prms), which use randomization to construct a graph of representative paths in C-space whose vertices correspond to collision-free con gurations of the robot.
Proceedings Article

On finding narrow passages with probabilistic roadmap planners

TL;DR: Y@lBEDGF HEIKJ L„DzMPORQSIUT MV@CW2X >A@CBEDGF HeIKJRX\[^]\X,L>z]  ~Uw ’Nw2x  “eUfa3Vx=
Proceedings Article

Two manipulation planning algorithms

TL;DR: This paper addresses the motion planning problem for a robot in presence of movable objects with an overview of a general approach which consists in building a manipulation graph whose connected components characterize the existence of solutions.