A Very Low-Noise Integrated 3MM-Wave Schottky Diode Mixer and PHEMT IF Amplifier
30 Sep 2005-International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves (Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers)-Vol. 26, Iss: 10, pp 1381-1388
TL;DR: An integrated 3mm-wave Schottky diode mixer and pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistor (PHEMT) IF amplifier with record noise performance at room temperature is described in this article.
Abstract: An integrated 3mm-wave Schottky diode mixer and pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistor (PHEMT) IF amplifier with record noise performance at room temperature is described. The design has shown the room-temperature double-sideband (DSB) receiver noise temperature TRDSB of 190 K at 100 GHz due to a very low conversion loss in the full-height waveguide mixer and an ultra-low noise of the PHEMT IF amplifier. The receiver noise temperature has been reduced by a factor of 1.5 in comparison with the best previously reported 3mm-wave Schottky diode mixer receiver.
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TL;DR: In this article, a high-sensitivity receiving and measuring facility was developed for observations of the ozone O3 and carbon monoxide CO spectral lines by the method of ground-based remote sensing of the atmosphere in the 90-116 GHz frequency range.
Abstract: We developed a high-sensitivity receiving and measuring facility designed for observations of the ozone O3 and carbon monoxide CO spectral lines by the method of ground-based remote sensing of the atmosphere in the 90–116 GHz frequency range. The measurement and calibration procedure is described in detail. The results of observations of the O3 and CO emission lines at frequencies 110.836 amd 115.271 GHz, respectively, are presented. The sensitivity level of the receiving and measuring facility, which was implemented in the experiment using a filter-bank analyzer and a Fourier spectrum analyzer is determined.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the ultralow-noise coolable amplifiers intended for operation in a 0.5-to-3.0-GHz wavelength range are presented, and the noise factor is ∼ 0.4 dB without cooling and ≤ 0.05 dB at 15 K.
Abstract: Results of designing ultralow-noise coolable amplifiers intended for operation in a 0.5- to 3.0-GHz wavelength range are presented. Schematic diagrams are given, and special features of the design are indicated. The noise factor of the amplifier is ∼0.4 dB without cooling and ≤0.05 dB at 15 K. The commercially available electronic components are used. The amplifiers are recommended as functional modules for building radio-astronomy and measuring units.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of the development of high sensitivity microwave radiometer designed for observation of the atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) emission lines at 115 GHz.
Abstract: We present the results of the development of high sensitivity microwave radiometer designed for observation of the atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) emission lines at 115 GHz. The receiver of this radiometer has the double-sideband noise temperature of 250 K at a temperature of 10A degrees C. To date, this is the best noise performance for uncooled Schottky diode mixer receiver systems. The designed radiometer was tested during the 2014-2015 period at observations of the carbon monoxide emission lines over Kharkiv, Ukraine (50A degrees N, 36.3A degrees E). These tests have shown the reliability of the receiver system, which allows us in the future to use designed radiometer for continuous monitoring of carbon monoxide. The first observations of the atmospheric carbon monoxide spectral lines over Kharkiv have confirmed seasonal changes in the CO abundance and gave us reasons to assume the spread of the influence of the polar vortex on the state of the atmosphere up to the latitude of 50A degrees N where our measurement system is located.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an uncooled front-end of the Schottky diode receiver system, which may be applied for observations of middle atmospheric ozone and carbon monoxide thermal emission lines at frequencies 110.8 GHz and 115.3 GHz, was described.
Abstract: The paper describes an uncooled front-end of the Schottky diode receiver system, which may be applied for observations of middle atmospheric ozone and carbon monoxide thermal emission lines at frequencies 110.8 GHz and 115.3 GHz, respectively. The mixer of the front-end has utilized high-quality Schottky diodes that allowed us to reduce the mixer conversion loss. The combination of the mixer and an ultra-low-noise IF amplifier in the one integrated unit has resulted in double-sideband (DSB) receiver noise temperature of 260 K at a local oscillator (LO) frequency of 113.05 GHz in the instantaneous IF band from 1.7 to 2.7 GHz. This is the lowest noise temperature ever reported for an uncooled ozone receiver system with Schottky diode mixers.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a Schottky diode frequency tripler for the 3-mm receiver system designed for observation of ozone and carbon monoxide spectral lines at frequencies 110836 and 115271 GHz, respectively, is developed.
Abstract: A Schottky diode frequency tripler for the 3-mm receiver system designed for observation of ozone and carbon monoxide spectral lines at frequencies 110836 and 115271 GHz, respectively, is developed The used varactor parameters are investigated and its limiting values of frequency tripling efficiency in the 3-mm wavelengths calculated A design of the multiplier, which allows to realize close to the calculated levels of frequency conversion efficiency is proposed The characteristics of the developed multiplier are investigated within the frequency range 109-136 GHz The output power of 8 mW is obtained at 132 GHz with about 62 mW pumping power The tripler efficiency, output power and operating current at the desired frequency for atmospheric receiver of 1125 GHz were measured The highest efficiency (18 %) has been realized at this frequency with 15 mW input power The values of the input power, operating current and reverse bias of the developed frequency tripler required for optimal receiver performance for observation of the emission lines of atmospheric gases have been determined Key words: frequency tripler , receiver for investigation of atmospheric gases, frequency tripling efficiency, input power, output power Manuscript submitted 07082014 Radio phys radio astron 2015, 20(1): 86-93 REFERENCES 1 FORKMAN, P, CHRISTENSEN, O M, ERIKSSON, P, URBAN, J and FUNKE, B, 2012 Six years of mesospheric CO estimated from ground-based frequency-switched microwave radiometry at 57° N compared with satellite instruments Atmos Meas Tech vol 5, no 11, pp 2827–2841 DOI: https://doiorg/105194/amtd-5-3909-2012 2 RAFFALSK, I U, BERG, H, HOCHSCHILD, G and KOPP, G, 2002 Continuous ozone measurements over Kiruna during winter/spring 2002: A new millimeter wave radiometer operated at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden The Sixth European Symposium on Stratospheric Ozone Research Proceedings Gothenberg, Sweden, pp 369–377 3 HOFFMANN, C G, RAFFALSKI, U, PALM, M, FUNKE, B, W, GOLCHERT, S H, HOCHSCHILD, G and NOTHOLT, J, 2011 Observation of strato-mesospheric CO above Kiruna with ground-based microwave radiometry – retrieval and satellite comparison Atmos Meas Tech vol 4, no 11, pp 2389–2408 DOI: https://doiorg/105194/amt-4-2389-2011 4 BERG, H, KRUPA, R, HOCHSCHILD, G, KOPP, G and KUNTZ, M, 1998 Millimeterwave radiometer with adjustable internal calibration load for high resolution measurements of stratospheric constituents 2nd ESA Workshop on Millimetre Wave Technology and Applications: Antennas, Circuits and Systems Proceedings Espoo, Finland, pp 372–377 5 PIDDYACHIY, V I, SHULGA, V M, MYSHENKO, V V, KOROLEV, A M, MYSHENKO, A V, ANTYUFEYEV, A V, POLADICH, A V and SHKODIN, V I, 2010 3-mm wave spectroradiometer for studies of atmospheric trace gases Radiophys Quantum Electron vol 53, no 5–6, pp 326–333 DOI: https://doiorg/101007/s11141-010-9231-y 6 PIDDYACHIY, V I, KOROLEV, A M and SHULGA, V M, 2005 Avery low-noise integrated 3mm-wave Schottky diode mixer and PHEMT IF amplifier Int J Infrared Millimeter Waves vol 26, no 10, pp 1381–1388 DOI: https://doiorg/101007/s10762-005-8436-1 7 SHULGA, V M, MYSHENKO, V V and MYSHENKO, A V, 2006 Low losses wide band diplexer for mm-wave heterodyne receiver 16th International Crimean Conference "Microwave and Telecommunication Technology" Proceedings Sevastopol, Ukraine, pp 575–576 8 ARCHER, J W, 1981 Millimeter wavelength frequency multipliers IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech vol 29, no 6, pp 552–557 DOI: https://doiorg/101109/TMTT19811130391 9 TOLMUNEN, T J and RAISANEN, A V, 1987 An efficient Schottky-varactor frequency multiplier at millimeter waves Part I: Doubler Int J Infrared Millimeter Waves vol 8, no 10, pp 1313–1336 DOI: https://doiorg/101007/BF01011082 10 TOLMUNEN, T J and RAISANEN, A V, 1987 An efficient Schottkyvaractor frequency multiplier at millimeter waves Part II: Tripler Int J Infrared Millimeter Waves vol 8, no 10, pp 1337–1353 DOI: https://doiorg/101007/BF01011083 11 BELOTSERKOVSKY, G B, 1966 Fundamentals of radio engineering and antennas: problems and solutions Moskow, Russia: Mashinostroenie Publ (in Russian) 12 PIDDYACHIY, V I, SHULGA, V M, KOROLEV, A M and MYSHENKO, V V, 2005 High doping density Schottky diodes in the 3mm wavelength cryogenic heterodyne receiver Int J Infrared Millimeter Waves vol 26, no 9, pp 1307–1315 DOI: https://doiorg/101007/s10762-005-7605-6 13 PREDMORE, C R, ERICKSON, N R, GOLDSMITH, P E and MARRERO, J L R, 1984 Abroad-band, ultra-low-noise Schottky diode mixer receiver from 80 GHZ to 115 GHz IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech vol 32, no 5, pp 498–507 DOI: https://doiorg/101109/TMTT19841132713 14 ERICKSON, N R, 1985 A very low-noise single-sideband receiver for 200–260 GHz IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech vol 33, no 11, pp 1179–1188 DOI: https://doiorg/101109/TMTT19851133191
2 citations
References
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15 Jun 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of energy efficiency in the context of electrical engineering, and demonstrate that it can be achieved by using energy minimization techniques.
Abstract: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering. Thesis. 1970. Ph.D.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe two new mixers designed to operate in the 80-120 GHz range on the 36-ft radio telescope at Kitt Peak, Ariz. The mixers use high-quality Schottky-barrier diodes in a one-quarter-height waveguide mount.
Abstract: A description is given of two new mixers designed to operate in the 80-120-GHz range on the 36-ft radio telescope at Kitt Peak, Ariz. It is shown that for a hard-driven diode the parasitic resistance and capacitance are the primary factors influencing the design of the diode mount. A room-temperature mixer is described which achieves a single-sideband (SSB) conversion loss (L) of 5.5 dB, and a SSB noise temperature (T/sub m/) of 500 K (excluding the IF contribution) with a 1.4-GHz IF. A cryogenically cooled version, using a quartz structure to support the diode chip and contact whisker, achieves values of L = 5.8 dB and T/sub m/ = 300 K with a 4.75-GHz IF. The mixers use high-quality Schottky-barrier diodes in a one-quarter-height waveguide mount.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the SIS mixer and the HEMT amplifier are connected with an inductor which provides the reactive part of the optimum input impedance for the HEMST. This simple coupling circuit gives an IF bandwidth of /spl sim/4 GHz.
Abstract: Design details are given for a 205-270 GHz fixed-tuned SIS receiver in which the SIS mixer and HEMT IF amplifier are integrated into a single compact unit. The mixer and IF amplifier are connected with an inductor which provides the reactive part of the optimum input impedance for the HEMT. This simple coupling circuit gives an IF bandwidth of /spl sim/4 GHz. The receiver has a DSB noise temperature in the range 35-80 K over the 205-270 GHz local oscillator band and 0.5-4.5 GHz IF band.
45 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a cryogenic 3-mm receiver was developed which fully utilizes the lownoise potential of Schottky diodes by approaching the shot-noise limit within 10 percent.
Abstract: A cryogenic 3-mm receiver has been developed which fully utilizes the low-noise potential of Schottky diodes by approaching the shot-noise limit within 10 percent. With a broad-band mixer design which properly terminates the input sidebands and reactively terminates the second harmonic of the local oscillator and its sidebands, the double sideband (DSB) mixer noise temperature is 35 K in the best case. This design has given an average DSB receiver noise temperature of 75 K over the 80 to 115-GHz band with a best noise temperature of 62 K.
44 citations
TL;DR: This paper summarizes the transformation that has occurred in the LNA field, viewing where LNAs were in the past, and where they are now.
Abstract: The evolution in the performance of low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) has been dynamic over the past years. From the early LNAs that were complex, large, and heavy, to the present day InP high electron-mobility transistors that have virtually transformed the industry by their performance and extension into frequency bands that were not even considered in the past. This paper summarizes the transformation that has occurred in the LNA field, viewing where they were in the past, and where they are now.
19 citations