A world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007
Simon I. Hay,Carlos A Guerra,Carlos A Guerra,Peter W. Gething,Peter W. Gething,Anand P. Patil,Andrew J. Tatem,Abdisalan M. Noor,Abdisalan M. Noor,Caroline W Kabaria,Bui H. Manh,Iqbal R. F. Elyazar,Simon Brooker,Simon Brooker,David L. Smith,Rana Moyeed,Robert W. Snow,Robert W. Snow +17 more
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TLDR
This 2007 global P. falciparum malaria endemicity map is the first of a series with which it will be possible to monitor and evaluate the progress of this intervention process, and shows significant opportunities for malaria control in Africa and for malaria elimination elsewhere.Abstract:
Transmission intensity affects almost all aspects of malaria epidemiology and the impact of malaria on human populations. Maps of transmission intensity are necessary to identify populations at different levels of risk and to evaluate objectively options for disease control. To remain relevant operationally, such maps must be updated frequently. Following the first global effort to map Plasmodium falciparum malaria endemicity in 2007, this paper describes the generation of a new world map for the year 2010. This analysis is extended to provide the first global estimates of two other metrics of transmission intensity for P. falciparum that underpin contemporary questions in malaria control: the entomological inoculation rate (Pf EIR) and the basic reproductive number (PfR). Annual parasite incidence data for 13,449 administrative units in 43 endemic countries were sourced to define the spatial limits of P. falciparum transmission in 2010 and 22,212 P. falciparum parasite rate (Pf PR) surveys were used in a model-based geostatistical (MBG) prediction to create a continuous contemporary surface of malaria endemicity within these limits. A suite of transmission models were developed that link Pf PR to Pf EIR and PfR and these were fitted to field data. These models were combined with the Pf PR map to create new global predictions of Pf EIR and PfR. All output maps included measured uncertainty. An estimated 1.13 and 1.44 billion people worldwide were at risk of unstable and stable P. falciparum malaria, respectively. The majority of the endemic world was predicted with a median Pf EIR of less than one and a median PfRc of less than two. Values of either metric exceeding 10 were almost exclusive to Africa. The uncertainty described in both Pf EIR and PfR was substantial in regions of intense transmission. The year 2010 has a particular significance as an evaluation milestone for malaria global health policy. The maps presented here contribute to a rational basis for control and elimination decisions and can serve as a baseline assessment as the global health community looks ahead to the next series of milestones targeted at 2015.read more
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The global distribution and burden of dengue
Samir Bhatt,Peter W. Gething,Oliver J. Brady,Jane P. Messina,Andrew Farlow,Catherine L. Moyes,John M. Drake,John M. Drake,John S. Brownstein,Anne G. Hoen,Osman Sankoh,Osman Sankoh,Monica F. Myers,Dylan B. George,Thomas Jaenisch,G. R. William Wint,Cameron P. Simmons,Thomas W. Scott,Thomas W. Scott,Jeremy Farrar,Jeremy Farrar,Simon I. Hay,Simon I. Hay +22 more
TL;DR: These new risk maps and infection estimates provide novel insights into the global, regional and national public health burden imposed by dengue and will help to guide improvements in disease control strategies using vaccine, drug and vector control methods, and in their economic evaluation.
Journal ArticleDOI
The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015
Samir Bhatt,Daniel J. Weiss,Ewan Cameron,Donal Bisanzio,Bonnie Mappin,Ursula Dalrymple,Katherine E. Battle,Catherine L. Moyes,Andrew J. Henry,Philip A. Eckhoff,Edward Allen Wenger,Olivier J T Briët,Olivier J T Briët,Melissa A. Penny,Melissa A. Penny,Thomas J. Smith,Thomas J. Smith,Adam Bennett,Joshua Yukich,Thomas P. Eisele,Jamie T. Griffin,Cristin A Fergus,Michael Lynch,Finn Lindgren,Justin M. Cohen,C L J Murray,David L. Smith,Simon I. Hay,Simon I. Hay,Simon I. Hay,Richard E Cibulskis,Peter W. Gething +31 more
TL;DR: It is found that Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in endemic Africa halved and the incidence of clinical disease fell by 40% between 2000 and 2015, and interventions have averted 663 (542–753 credible interval) million clinical cases since 2000.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis
Christopher J L Murray,Lisa C. Rosenfeld,Stephen S Lim,Kathryn G. Andrews,Kyle J Foreman,Diana Haring,Nancy Fullman,Mohsen Naghavi,Rafael Lozano,Alan D. Lopez +9 more
TL;DR: The findings show that the malaria mortality burden is larger than previously estimated, especially in adults, and there has been a rapid decrease in malaria mortality in Africa because of the scaling up of control activities supported by international donors.
Journal ArticleDOI
A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010
Nicholas J Kassebaum,Nicholas J Kassebaum,Rashmi Jasrasaria,Mohsen Naghavi,Sarah Wulf,Nicole E. Johns,Rafael Lozano,Mathilda Regan,David J. Weatherall,David Chou,Thomas P. Eisele,Seth Flaxman,Rachel L. Pullan,Simon Brooker,Christopher J L Murray +14 more
TL;DR: Iron-deficiency anemia was the top cause globally, although 10 different conditions were among the top 3 in regional rankings, and Malaria, schistosomiasis, and chronic kidney disease-related anemia were the only conditions to increase in prevalence.
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Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data
Gretchen A Stevens,Mariel M. Finucane,Luz Maria De-Regil,Christopher J. Paciorek,Seth Flaxman,Francesco Branca,Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Majid Ezzati +8 more
TL;DR: Children's and women's haemoglobin statuses improved in some regions where concentrations had been low in the 1990s, leading to a modest global increase in mean haemochemistry and a reduction in anaemia prevalence between 1995 and 2011.
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