Abrasive Tools and Bonding Systems
01 Jan 2011-pp 1-77
Abstract: The manufacture of high performance grinding wheels is heavily dependent upon the selecting the correct abrasive grain in terms of cutting ability, fracturing ability and the shape of the grain that controls metal removal rate, dressing interval, coolant delivery to the wheel-workpiece interface and chip evacuation. This chapter explains the recent developments in abrasive grains and bonding systems and should allow the reader to better select the correct abrasive grain and bonding system to economically machine materials.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors made use of nanofluid as metal working fluid (MWF) by adding nano-particles to the base fluid to alter the lubricating properties by reducing the friction.
Abstract: Nanofluid, fluid suspensions of nanometer sized particles are revolutionizing the field of heat transfer area. Addition of nano-particles to the base fluid also alters the lubricating properties by reducing the friction. In grinding process, friction between the abrasive grains and the workpiece is a key issue governing the main grinding output. It has a direct influence on grinding force, power, specific energy and wheel wear. Moreover, high friction force increases the heat generation and lead to thermal damage in the surface layer of the ground work. Hence, any effort towards the friction control will enhance the component quality significantly. In this study, nanofluid as metal working fluid (MWF) is made by adding 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1% volume concentration of Al2O3 and CuO nano-particles to the water during the surface grinding of Ti–6Al–4V in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) mode. Surface integrity of ground surface, morphology of the wheel, and chip formation characteristics are studied using surface profilometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and stereo zoom microscopy (SZM). Coefficient of friction was estimated On-Machine using the measured forces. The results showed that the type of nanoparticle and its concentration in base fluid and the MQL flow rate play a significant role in reducing friction. Application of nanofluid leads to the reduction of tangential forces and grinding zone temperature. The cooling effect is also evident from the short C-type chip formation. MQL application with Al2O3 nanofluid helps in effective flushing of chip material from the grinding zone, thereby solving the main problem during the grinding of Ti–6Al–4V.
225 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that most of the Artificial Intelligence algorithms available are not fully exploited for monitoring and modelling in abrasive finishing and emphasizes on bridging this gap.
58 citations
TL;DR: Nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication is an environmental friendly, resource-saving, and sustainable process compared with traditional flood lubrication as mentioned in this paper, especially, it is widely applied in diffic...
Abstract: Nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication is an environmental-friendly, resource-saving, and sustainable process compared with traditional flood lubrication. Especially, it is widely applied in diffic...
43 citations
TL;DR: An extensive review of different burnishing tools can be found in this article , where the authors present an extensive survey of burnishing parameters such as force, feed, speed, number of tool passes, ball diameter and lubrication medium have a greater influence on the surface characteristics of the component.
8 citations
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Cunha et al. as mentioned in this paper evaluated the peroxidative activity of enzymes from C. subvermispora and its correlation with lignin degradation in a biotreated wood.
Abstract: CUNHA, G.G.S. Peroxidative activity of enzymatic extracts from Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and its correlation with lignin degradation. 2008. 66 f. Dissertation (Master of Science in Industrial Biotechnology) Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 2008. The white-rot fungi are able to degrade lignocellulosic materials in an efficient way through reactions catalyzed by hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes or still by means of low molar mass metabolites that begin the degradative process. Ceriporiopsis subvermispora is a white-rot fungus that stands out as one of the most selective in lignin degradation, possessing great potential for technological applications. This fungus is able to initiate lipid peroxidation reactions based on the Mn produced by the catalytic action of the enzyme manganese peroxidase (MnP) on Mn ions. In the present study, the secretion of oxidative enzymes by C. subvermispora was evaluated in cultures containing Eucalyptus grandis wood chips and some supplements such as corn steep liquor and corn steep liquor plus glucose. The enzymatic extracts obtained from these cultures contained high MnP activity, mainly when corn steep liquor was used as a culture supplement. The same extracts were able to peroxidize linoleic acid in vitro. In these reactions, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) accumulated over reaction time and the TBARS levels were proportional to the MnP present in the extracts. The rate of oxygen consumption in these reactions was also proportional to the level of MnP present in the extracts. The characterization of the biotreated wood indicated that the largest lignin and wood mass losses were observed in supplemented cultures, with an apparent correlation between the peroxidative activity in the extracts and the extension of the wood and lignin degradation. Laccase was detected only in low levels in the enzymatic extracts originating from the wood-containing cultures. On the other hand, submerged cultures in which the liquid medium was composed of 2% malt-extract and 0,2% yeast extract induced laccase production without simultaneous secretion of MnP. The laccase active extract was also able to peroxidize linoleic acid, since in the presence of a mediator (ρ-hydroxy-benzoic acid). Anyway, during E. grandis biodegradation by C. subvermispora, laccase was only detected in the beginning of the cultivations and even so at low levels suggesting that laccase were not involved in lipid peroxidation during the E. grandis wood biodegradation by C. subvermispora. KEY WOODS: Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Manganese Peroxidase. Lipid peroxidation. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1: Estrutura-modelo da lignina proposta por Adler 13 Figura 2: Sistema de camadas na parede das celulas de madeira 14 Figura 3: Ciclo catalitico simplificado de peroxidase dependente de Manganes (MnP) ....... 18 Figura 4: Ciclo catalitico de lacase 18 Figura 5: Peroxidacao de lipideos insaturados iniciada por Mn ou radical hidroxila 21 Figura 6: Degradacao de um composto modelo de lignina (nao fenolico) pelo sistema MnP, acido linoleico e H2O2 24 Figura 7: Producao de lacases por C. subvermispora durante a biodegradacao de E. grandis 44 Figura 8: Producao de MnP por C. subvermispora durante a biodegradacao de E. grandis.. 45 Figura 9: Consumo de O2 em reacoes de peroxidacao de lipideos catalisadas por extratos enzimaticos obtidos de E. grandis biotratado por C. subvermispora 46 Figura 10: Relacao entre os niveis de MnP em extratos de cultivos de C. subvermispora sobre E. grandis e as taxas de consumo de O2 em reacoes de peroxidacao de acido linoleico catalisadas por esses mesmos extratos 48 Figura 11: TBARS acumulados apos 1 h de reacao catalisada por extratos obtidos de cultivos de C. subvermispora sobre E. grandis 49 Figura 12: Relacao entre o consumo de oxigenio e o acumulo de TBARS em reacoes de peroxidacao de acido linoleico catalisadas por extratos de cultivos de C. subvermispora sobre E. grandis 50 Figura 13: Quantidade residual de acido linoleico e hexanal formado em funcao do tempo de reacao de acido linoleico com um extrato contendo elevada atividade de MnP 52 Figura 14: Concentracao de TBARS na madeira e variacao de pH dos cultivos de C. subvermispora sobre E. grandis 53 Figura 15: Perfil metabolico de C. subvermispora ao longo de 14 dias de cultivo em meio liquido composto de 2% de extrato de malte e 0,2% de extrato de levedura ........ 55 Figura 16: Consumo de O2 em reacoes de peroxidacao de lipideos catalisadas por extratos enzimaticos com alta atividade de lacase obtidos em cultivos liquidos de E. grandis biotratado por C. subvermispora 57 Figura 17: Relacao entre o consumo de oxigenio e o tempo de biodegradacao em cultivos liquidos de C. subvermispora em meio liquido composto de extrato de malte (2,4%) e extrato de levedura (0,7%) 57 Figura 18: Relacao entre os niveis de Lacase em filtrados de cultivos de C. subvermispora em meio liquido e as taxas de consumo de O2 em reacoes de peroxidacao de acido linoleico 58 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1: Condicoes de cultivo de C. subvermispora SS-3 sobre madeira E. grandis utilizando um sistema de fermentacao em meio solido 32 Tabela 2: Perda de massa e componentes da madeira E. grandis biotratado por 28 dias com C. subvermispora em diferentes condicoes de cultivo 42
7 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1964
TL;DR: One of the popular books now is the phase diagrams for ceramists as discussed by the authors. You may be confused because you can't find the book in the book store around your city. And when you have found the store to buy the book, it will be so hurt when you run out of it.
Abstract: It's not surprisingly when entering this site to get the book. One of the popular books now is the phase diagrams for ceramists. You may be confused because you can't find the book in the book store around your city. Commonly, the popular book will be sold quickly. And when you have found the store to buy the book, it will be so hurt when you run out of it. This is why, searching for this popular book in this website will give you benefit. You will not run out of this book.
2,678 citations
Book•
15 Mar 1960
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe typical cutting operations, including: Elastic Behaviour Plastic Behaviour Fracture Dynamometry Shear Strain in Cutting Shear Stress in Cutting Friction Wear and Tool Life Cutting Temperatures Cutting Fields Tool Materials Work Material Considerations Complex Tools Surface Integrity Chip Control Optimisation Modeling of Chip Formation Precision Engineering Unusual Applications of the Metal Cutting Process
Abstract: Table of Contents Preface Symbols Introduction Typical Cutting Operations Mechanics of Steady State Elastic Behaviour Plastic Behaviour Fracture Dynamometry Shear Strain in Cutting Shear Stress in Cutting Friction Wear and Tool Life Cutting Temperatures Cutting Fields Tool Materials Work Material Considerations Complex Tools Surface Integrity Chip Control Optimisation Modeling of Chip Formation Precision Engineering Unusual Applications of the Metal Cutting Process
2,229 citations
TL;DR: An empirical equation form, approximating the apparent dependence of the strength of brittle polycrystalline specimens on the combined effect of porosity and grain size, has been developed from concepts and data in the literature as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An empirical equation form, approximating the apparent dependence of the strength of brittle polycrystalline specimens on the combined effect of porosity and grain size, has been developed from concepts and data in the literature. The form is shown to be applicable to data for thoria and chromium carbide specimens.
598 citations
Patent•
3M1
TL;DR: In this article, a synthetic, non-fused, aluminum oxide-based abrasive mineral having a microcrystalline structure of randomly oriented crystallites comprising a dominant continuous phase of α-alumina and a secondary phase was described.
Abstract: The invention relates to synthetic, non-fused, aluminum oxide-based abrasive mineral having a microcrystalline structure of randomly oriented crystallites comprising a dominant continuous phase of α-alumina and a secondary phase, to a method of making the same employing chemical ceramic technology, and to abrasive articles made with the abrasive mineral.
470 citations
Patent•
3M1
TL;DR: In this article, a solgel process of producing durable alpha alumina-based ceramic particularly useful as abrasive grain from alpha aluminina monohydrate is improved by the addition of a nucleating agent.
Abstract: A sol-gel process of producing durable alpha alumina-based ceramic particularly useful as abrasive grain from alpha alumina monohydrate is improved by the addition of a nucleating agent. Improved abrasive products containing the durable ceramic abrasive grains are also provided.
387 citations