Absorption spectroscopy to determine the extent and mechanisms of aging in bitumen and asphaltenes
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of progressive aging in bitumen and introducing aging indicators based on absorption spectroscopy were examined by UV-vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscope.
About: This article is published in Fuel.The article was published on 2019-04-15. It has received 87 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Accelerated aging & Asphaltene.
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TL;DR: In this article, various long-term aged (LTA) binders from the same base bitumen were investigated with dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and Fourier-Transformation Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
70 citations
TL;DR: The ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations, which can predict chemical reactions, were performed on integral asphalt and individual asphalt molecules at different temperatures and oxygen levels to predict chemical reaction as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations, which can predict chemical reactions, were performed on integral asphalt and individual asphalt molecules at different temperatures and oxygen levels to i...
56 citations
TL;DR: Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) contain significant amounts of bitumen and their application in new constructions have been promoted as a sustainable practice as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) contain significant amounts of bitumen and their application in new constructions have been promoted as a sustainable practice i...
48 citations
Cites background from "Absorption spectroscopy to determin..."
...…percentage of so-called asphaltene in an aged bitumen; however, the average molecular weight of these so-called asphaltene is lower than that of unaged bitumen indicating that due to aging some of resins and aromatics became polar enough to be grouped alongside with asphaltenes (Hung & Fini, 2019)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a hybrid bio-oil derived from algae and swine manure is used to rejuvenate aged bitumen by restoring the bitumen properties which are degraded during oxidative aging.
Abstract: This paper examines the merits of using a hybrid bio-oil derived from algae and swine manure to rejuvenate aged bitumen by restoring the bitumen properties which are degraded during oxidative aging...
46 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of UV exposure on spin-coated films of bitumen that are 600 nm thick were examined by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Abstract: This paper examines morphological and nanomechanical changes as compositional evolution occurs because of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in thin films of bituminous adhesives. Such an insight is important for developing strategies to enhance sustainable applications of such adhesives for coating and composite manufacturing. However, the shallow penetration depth of UV light in bitumen complicates efforts to isolate its effects. To address this question, this study examined the effects of UV exposure on spin-coated films of bitumen that are 600 nm thick. Bitumen thin films were UV-aged in an accelerated weathering machine and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, and nanoindentation. As UV radiation continued from 0 to 400 h, the hydrocarbon content of thin films gradually decreased, leaving behind sulfates and carbonyls and reducing bitumen solubility in org...
41 citations
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01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The forces between atoms and molecules are discussed in detail in this article, including the van der Waals forces between surfaces, and the forces between particles and surfaces, as well as their interactions with other forces.
Abstract: The Forces between Atoms and Molecules. Principles and Concepts. Historical Perspective. Some Thermodynamic Aspects of Intermolecular Forces. Strong Intermolecular Forces: Covalent and Coulomb Interactions. Interactions Involving Polar Molecules. Interactions Involving the Polarization of Molecules. van der Waals Forces. Repulsive Forces, Total Intermolecular Pair Potentials, and Liquid Structure. Special Interactions. Hydrogen-Bonding, Hydrophobic, and Hydrophilic Interactions. The Forces between Particles and Surfaces. Some Unifying Concepts in Intermolecular and Interparticle Forces. Contrasts between Intermolecular, Interparticle, and Intersurface Forces. van der Waals Forces between Surfaces. Electrostatic Forces between Surfaces in Liquids. Solvation, Structural and Hydration Forces. Steric and Fluctuation Forces. Adhesion. Fluid-Like Structures and Self-Assembling Systems. Micelles, Bilayers, and Biological Membranes. Thermodynamic Principles of Self-Assembly. Aggregation of Amphiphilic Molecules into Micelles, Bilayers, Vesicles, and Biological Membranes. The Interactions between Lipid Bilayers and Biological Membranes. References. Index.
18,048 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used 13C and 1H NMR spectra of graphite oxide derivatives to confirm the assignment of the 70 ppm line to C−OH groups and allow them to propose a new structural model for graphite oxides.
Abstract: Graphite oxide (GO) and its derivatives have been studied using 13C and 1H NMR. NMR spectra of GO derivatives confirm the assignment of the 70 ppm line to C−OH groups and allow us to propose a new structural model for GO. Thus we assign the 60 ppm line to epoxide groups (1,2-ethers) and not to 1,3-ethers, as suggested earlier, and the 130 ppm line to aromatic entities and conjugated double bonds. GO contains two kinds of regions: aromatic regions with unoxidized benzene rings and regions with aliphatic six-membered rings. The relative size of the two regions depends on the degree of oxidation. The carbon grid is nearly flat; only the carbons attached to OH groups have a slightly distorted tetrahedral configuration, resulting in some wrinkling of the layers. The formation of phenol (or aromatic diol) groups during deoxygenation indicates that the epoxide and the C−OH groups are very close to one another. The distribution of functional groups in every oxidized aromatic ring need not be identical, and both ...
3,076 citations
TL;DR: A general picture of bitumen structure is shown to emerge and it shows that a simple solvation parameter allows quantifying the effect of the asphaltenes on the rheological properties ofbitumen.
1,236 citations
TL;DR: Asphaltenes, the most aromatic components of crude oil, are critical to all aspects of petroleum use, including production, transportation, refining, upgrading, and heavy-end use in paving and coating materials as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Asphaltenes, the most aromatic of the heaviest components of crude oil, are critical to all aspects of petroleum use, including production, transportation, refining, upgrading, and heavy-end use in paving and coating materials. As such, efficiency in these diverse disciplines mandates proper chemical accounting of structure−function relations of crude oils and asphaltenes, the vision of petroleomics (Asphaltenes, Heavy Oils and Petroleomics; Mullins, O. C., Sheu, E. Y., Hammami, A., Marshall, A. G., Eds.; Springer: New York, 2007). Indeed, the molecular characterization of asphaltenes is required as well as the detailed understanding of the hierarchical colloidal structures of asphaltenes and petroleum. With great prescience, Professor Teh Fu Yen and co-workers proposed a hierarchical model of asphaltenes to account for many of their characteristics known at that time (Dickie, J. P.; Yen, T. F. Macrostrucutres of asphaltic fractions by various instrumental methods. Anal. Chem. 1967, 39, 1847−1852). This m...
922 citations
TL;DR: Almost all synthetic polymers require stabilization against adverse environmental effects, and two aspects of degradation are of particular importance: Storage conditions, and Addition of appropriate stabilizers.
Abstract: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation may cause the significant degradation of many materials. UV radiation causes photooxidative degradation which results in breaking of the polymer chains, produces free radical and reduces the molecular weight, causing deterioration of mechanical properties and leading to useless materials, after an unpredictable time. Polystyrene (PS), one of the most important material in the modern plastic industry, has been used all over the world, due to its excellent physical properties and low-cost. When polystyrene is subjected to UV irradiation in the presence of air, it undergoes a rapid yellowing and a gradual embrittlement. The mechanism of PS photolysis in the solid state (film) depends on the mobility of free radicals in the polymer matrix and their bimolecular recombination. Free hydrogen radicals diffuse very easily through the polymer matrix and combine in pairs or abstract hydrogen atoms from polymer molecule. Phenyl radical has limited mobility. They may abstract hydrogen from the near surrounding or combine with a polymer radical or with hydrogen radicals. Almost all synthetic polymers require stabilization against adverse environmental effects. It is necessary to find a means to reduce or prevent damage induced by environmental components such as heat, light or oxygen. The photostabilization of polymers may be achieved in many ways. The following stabilizing systems have been developed, which depend on the action of stabilizer: (1) light screeners, (2) UV absorbers, (3) excited-state quenchers, (4) peroxide decomposers, and (5) free radical scavengers; of these, it is generally believed that excited-state quenchers, peroxide decomposers, and free radical scavengers are the most effective. Research into degradation and ageing of polymers is extremely intensive and new materials are being synthesized with a pre-programmed lifetime. New stabilizers are becoming commercially available although their modes of action are sometimes not thoroughly elucidated. They target the many possible ways of polymer degradation: thermolysis, thermooxidation, photolysis, photooxidation, radiolysis etc. With the goal to increase lifetime of a particular polymeric material, two aspects of degradation are of particular importance: Storage conditions, and Addition of appropriate stabilizers. A profound knowledge of degradation mechanisms is needed to achieve the goal.
809 citations