scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

Acanthophyllia deshayesiana (Michelin, 1850) Coral Species Is Not Synonym With Cynarina lacrymalis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848)

27 Aug 2016-ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences (Marine Science Department Diponegoro University)-Vol. 21, Iss: 3, pp 107-116
TL;DR: The result showed that both of these coral cannot differentiate based on morphometric measurement, but it can differentiate significantly based on descriptive characters, so both ofThese coral are not synonym.
Abstract: Acanthophyllia deshayesiana has a different habitat with Cynarina lacrymalis in the nature, but they have same character on living forms, diameter, and height of corallite. Both of these species are considered synonym, thus it needs verification study to describe whether it is synonym species or not based on morphological data. Eleven descriptive characters and seven morphometric characters were used to verify the synonym species of these coral. Descriptive data were performed by scoring method, while morphometric data were obtained from morphometric. Morphometric data were analyzed by Correspondence Analysis of Principal Coordinates (CAP) and Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster (AHC), while descriptive data were analyzed by UPGMA (Unweight Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean). The result showed that both of these coral cannot differentiate based on morphometric measurement. It can differentiate significantly based on descriptive characters, so both of these coral are not synonym. Keywords: synonym, morphometric, descriptive, Cynarina lacrymalis, Acanthophyllia deshayesiana

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

ILMU KELAUTAN September 2016 Vol 21(3):107-116 ISSN 0853-7291
*) Corresponding author
© Ilmu Kelautan, UNDIP
ijms.undip.ac.id
DOI: 10.14710/ik.ijms.21.3.107-116
Received : 16-04-2016
Accepted : 28-06-2016
Acanthophyllia deshayesiana (Michelin, 1850) Coral Species Is Not Synonym
With Cynarina lacrymalis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848)
Robba Fahrisy Darus
1
*, Neviaty P Zamani
2
, Suharsono
3
, and Dedy Duryadi Solihin
4
1,2
Department of Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
Jl. Rasamala, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia 16680
3
Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Jl. Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur Jakarta Utara, Indonesia 11048
4
Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia 16680
e-mail: robba_madura@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
Acanthophyllia deshayesiana has a different habitat with Cynarina lacrymalis in the nature, but they have same
character on living forms, diameter, and height of corallite. Both of these species are considered synonym, thus it
needs verification study to describe whether it is synonym species or not based on morphological data. Eleven
descriptive characters and seven morphometric characters were used to verify the synonym species of these
coral. Descriptive data were performed by scoring method, while morphometric data were obtained from
morphometric. Morphometric data were analyzed by Correspondence Analysis of Principal Coordinates (CAP) and
Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster (AHC), while descriptive data were analyzed by UPGMA (Unweight Pair Group
Method with Arithmetic Mean). The result showed that both of these coral can not differentiate based on
morphometric measurement. It can differentiate significantly based on descriptive characters, so both of these
coral are not synonym.
Keywords: synonym, morphometric, descriptive, Cynarina lacrymalis, Acanthophyllia deshayesiana
Introduction
Generally, morphological pattern of organisms
were influenced by genetic factors which are
inherited from the parent. Heritable genetic
information does not always provide significant
influences, because there is environmental
component that can influence the morphological
pattern. The environmental response of each
organism is different and can cause genetic
mutations or slow growth. Organism will adapt to
respond environmental changes.
One of organisms that have more responses
to environmental changes is coral. High response of
coral to environmental changes (Wolstenholme et
al., 2003; Marti-Puig et al., 2014) have an impact on
morphological pattern of the coral diversity, so it
classified in a high plasticity organisms (Stefani et
al., 2008; Huang et al., 2009; Schmidt-Roach et al.,
2012). The diversity of coral morphology gives a
trouble to identify live coral and classification system
in the coral taxonomy.
Classification and systematic of coral was
done using traditional classification that is
morphology of the skeleton (Wolstenholme et al.,
2003; Schmidt-Roach et al., 2012; Arrigoni et al.,
2014b) and purposed to know their relationship and
evolution (Stobart, 2000; Flot et al., 2008; Casebolt,
2011). However, the observation and measurement
of coral using skeleton showed intra species
variation and a high plasticity (Stefani et al., 2008).
Therefore, there were many studies on the coral
systematics by combining the morphological and
molecular approach.
Morphological diversity causes difficulties on
coral dead to be classified into one group and given
the same name (Flot et al., 2008; Schmidt-Roach et
al., 2012). For example coral Cynarina lacrymalis
were usually considered as a synonym of
Acanthophyllia deshayesiana. It was described by
Best and Hoeksema (1987) in which had a same
variation with C. lacrymalis. The similarities were
solitary life, had a diameter of corallite 10 cm, calice
relief 8 cm, tooth high in primary septal is 15 mm,
epitheca well developed, and the corallum was
strongly dentated. The holotype of C. lacrymalis is in
MNHN (Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris, France) with Philliphines as local type of it.

ILMU KELAUTAN September 2016 Vol 21(3):107-116
108 Acanthophyllia deshayesiana Coral Species Is Not Synonym With Cynarina lacrymalis (R. F. Darus et al.)
The synonym problem of species would
impact on the trade regulation of ornamental coral
and lead to legality. This study aimed to verify
suspected synonym of two species, i.e. (A.
deshayesiana and C. lacrymalis) based on
morphological characters. Morphological characters
used two characters in this study, consist of
descriptive and morphometric characters. Those
characters were assumed to be able differ and could
be character identifier in the cladogram.
Materials and Methods
Seven corals of C. lacrymalis taken from
Kalimantan and eight corals of A. deshayesiana
taken from Makassar were used this study from
Family Mussidae (Figure 1). Coral specimens were
bleached in sodium hyplocorite, rinsed with
freshwater, and air-dried for morphological analysis.
Morphological analysis were consist of
morphometric and descriptive characters (Oppen et
al., 2000; Wolstenholme et al., 2003; Stefani et al.,
2008; Filatov et al., 2013; Kitano et al., 2014). Coral
specimens were selected by the same size (the
colony diameter range 4-8 cm).
Observations of descriptive characters were
done by taking a picture using Canon powershoot
D30. Morphometric characters used a caliper
(accuracy 0.01 mm) as the reference length (Stefani
et al., 2008). Morphometric characters involved 7
characters (Figure 2 and Table 1) (Budd and
Stolarski, 2009; Casebolt, 2011; Arrigoni et al.,
2012; Benzoni et al., 2012; Budd et al., 2012;
Arrigoni et al., 2014a; 2014b).
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. The living conditions of corals: (a) Acantophyllia deshayesiana; (b) Cynarina lacrymalis
Figure 2. Corallite features were analyzed in morphological studies on C. lacrymalis & A. deshayesiana: a)
morphometric characters; & b) descriptive characters. SS = Septa Spacing, TS = Tooth Spacing, IS =
Individual Size, VW = Valley Width, CW = Calice Width, WT = Wall Thickness, ST = Septal Teeth, WS =
Wall Structure, SPL = Septal or Paliform Lobes, CR = Calice Relief, and CC = Continuity of Costae.

ILMU KELAUTAN September2016 Vol 21(3):107-116
Acanthophyllia deshayesiana Coral Species Is Not Synonym With Cynarina lacrymalis (R. F. Darus et al.) 109
Table 1. Morphometric characters which were used to measure corallite features
No.
Character
Description
1
Calice Width (CW)
Diameter of calice in corallite
2
Valley Width (VW)
Diameter of valley in corallite
3
Calice Relief (CR)
Corallite depth from valley
4
Tooth Height (first order septum) (TH)
Average of tooth height in first septa
5
tooth Spacing (first order septum) (TS)
Average of tooth spacing from one another tooth septa
6
Overall Wall Thickness (WT)
Wall thickness from corallite
7
Individual Size (IS)
Diameter of individual coral
Table 2. Descriptive characters used to describe corallite
Character
State
Code
Corallite Shape (CS)
plocoid
0
subplocoid
1
cerioid
2
meandroid
3
flabelloid
4
phaceloid
5
solitary
6
Septal Teeth (ST)
minute
0
acute or small
1
large
2
Budding Type (BT)
intramural
0
extramural
1
none
2
Continuity of Costae (CC)
continous
0
dis-continous
1
Septal and Paliform Lobes (SPL)
pali
0
sometimes paliform
1
sometimes septal
2
none
3
Columella Structure (CLS)
trabecular & continous
0
trabecular & discontinous
1
styliform
2
lamellar
3
absent
4
Wall Structure (WS)
parathecal
0
septothecal
1
septothecal or/and parathecal
2
synapticulothecal
3
none
4
Costae Pattern (CP)
equal
0
unequal
1
Costae Dentation (CD)
fine
0
short
1
exsert
2
Costae Alignment (CA)
absent
0
present
1
Coenosteum (CO)
absent
0
smooth
1
blistered
2

ILMU KELAUTAN September 2016 Vol 21(3):107-116
110 Acanthophyllia deshayesiana Coral Species Is Not Synonym With Cynarina lacrymalis (R. F. Darus et al.)
Descriptive characters involved 11 characters
(Figure 2 and Table 2) (Budd and Stolarski, 2009;
Casebolt, 2011; Arrigoni et al., 2012; Benzoni et al.,
2012; Budd et al., 2012; Arrigoni et al., 2014a;
2014b).
Morphometric data were analyzed by
Correspondence Analysis of Principal Coordinates
(CAP), and hierarchical cluster by Agglomerative
Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) to know the separation
of species groups using XLSTAT 2015
(Wolstenholme et al., 2003; Stefani et al., 2008).
Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic
Mean (UPGMA) was used to analyze descriptive data
using PAUP 4 (Swofford, 2002; Arrigoni et al., 2012;
Benzoni et al., 2012; Arrigoni et al., 2014b) to
reconstruct phylogeny tree based on descriptive
characters.
Results and Discussion
Morphometric characters
Based on the symmetric plot graph of CAP
and AHC, there were five clades which interpret a
relationship between morphometric characters with
coral specimens, which was clade 1 (ACT3, ACT11,
ACT7, ACT19, ACT21, ACT1, and ACT41), clade 2
(ACT10, CYN40, CYN39, and CYN48), clade 3
(ACT12, and CYN55), clade 4 (CYN45), and clade 5
(CYN59).
Clade 1 was grouped by Calice Width (CW),
and Valley Width (VW) character. In addition, clade 1
was divided into small clades, namely the clade 1a
(ACT11 and ACT1), and 1b (ACT21, ACT19, ACT7,
ACT3, and CYN41). Clade 1b was subdivided into
1b1 (ACT21 and ACT19), and 1b2 (CYN41, ACT3,
and ACT7). Clade 1a was closer grouping based on
VW, while clade 1b was classified by CW (Figure 4).
Calice and valley width always directly proportional
to ratio was 1:0,25%, and the value for calice and
valley width on C. lacrymalis was > 30mm (Budd and
Stolarski, 2009). Cynarina lacrymalis is a large coral
polyps that have the largest calice and valley width
in Famili Mussidae compared to Genus Favia which
had ranges between 9-15mm (Kongjandtre et al.,
2012).
Clade 2 was grouped by Calice Relief (CR)
(Figure 3). Calice relief of these five corals were
more related and had relatively same value was
18,770 mm to 22,650 mm. Calice relief on C.
lacrymalis was classified to a very high category
which was > 10 mm (Budd and Stolarski, 2009).
Calice form is influenced by calice width, which the
wider a calice, then the smaller its relief
(Kongjandtre et al., 2012; Huang et al., 2014).
Clade 3 consisted of ACT12 and CYN55 which
were grouped based on individual size (IS) (Figure
3). The CAP showed that position of ACT12 was a bit
far from the group, however the AHC was in one
group with an equal value of 99,77% (Figure 4).
Figure 1. Grouping coral C. lacrymalis and A. deshayesiana based on morphometric characters using Correspondent Analysis of
Principal Coordinates (CAP)

ILMU KELAUTAN September2016 Vol 21(3):107-116
Acanthophyllia deshayesiana Coral Species Is Not Synonym With Cynarina lacrymalis (R. F. Darus et al.) 111
Figure 2. Dendogram of coral C. lacrymalis and A. deshayesiana based on morphometric characters using Agglomerative
Hierarchical Clustering (AHC)
Individual size is directly proportional to the calice
and valley width. In addition, individual size is
strongly influenced by the age and growth of coral.
The age and growth of coral that are more mature, it
will have a wide valley and calice.
Clade 4 was CYN45 with a character grouping
by wall thickness (WT). Wall thickness value of
CYN45 was almost same with another specimen,
however, the other morphometric characters did not
influence the grouping of another specimen. Based
on AHC result, CYN45 grouped itself because the
value of the Calice Width (CW), Valley Width (VW),
Tooth Height (TH), and Individual Size (IS) was very
small, so that the level of similarity was low (98,5%).
These conditions were almost same with clade 5
consisted of CYN59 with a character grouping were
Tooth Height (TH) and Tooth Spacing (TS) on the first
order septa. CYN59 had the same TH and TS value
reltively in the amount of 5,342 mm and 5,624 mm.
The TS value was measured at the highest tooth
(first septa peak). The TS value of A. deshayesiana
and C. lacrymalis had a range from 0,3 mm to 0,6
mm in the first septa (Figure 6). Both of these values
had similar results obtained by Budd and Stolarski
(2009) that value of distance between the teeth of
C. lacrymalis was < 6 mm. The AHC result verified
that CYN59 became monophiletic from clade 1,
although this clade had an ancestor of CYN45. This
result showed that morphometric characters could
classify coral spesimens, although the clades were
still unclear (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Because
morphometric characters had a high plasticity and
were influenced by environmental factors (Stefani et
al., 2008; Huang et al., 2009; Schmidt-Roach et al.,
2012). Paz-García et al. (2015) reported that
Pocillopora damicornis change into P. inflata,
coincided with a storm of high and low turbidity.
Corals could modify their morphology to cope with
environmental change with variation between
habitats over time (Prada et al., 2008).
Environmental changes in the sea (such as light,
current patterns, sediment transport), force marine
organisms to adapt with it (Hilbish, 1985; Doebeli
and Dieckmann, 2003).
Descriptive characters
Descriptive character that differentiate
between coral C. lacrymalis and A. deshayesiana
were Septal Teeth (ST), Septa or Paliform Lobes
(SPL), and Costae dentation (CD) (Table 3). Septal
teeth (ST) on all of coral A. deshayesiana were big
and point shaped, while C. lacrymalis finer and
smaller (Figure 6). ACT21 had different shape,

Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2021
Abstract: Patterns of community structure within coral reefs ecosystems are strongly influenced by a catastrophe such as a tsunami. Sumur is one of the coastal regions affected the most by the Banten Tsunami in December 2018. This research aims to predict coral reef ecosystem conditions after a tsunami based on the reef fish community structure and benthic coverage in the previous month. The research was conducted on every island around Sumur coastal region. Reef fish specimens were sampled using underwater visual census, and benthic coverage was taken with quadrats for Coral Point Count Estimation (CPCe). Overall coral condition assessed by conservation value determined through coral morphology. The highest coral coverage was found in Sumur, Southwest Oar, and North Badul. Nearly all sites have a high diversity reef fish community, with the highest abundance and species richness found in West Umang and North Badul. Badul island, Mangir island, and Cigorondong were categorized as the locations with coral reef ecosystems with the highest stress-tolerators. Most areas with this high stress-tolerator are predominated by coral massive and sub-massive and have higher endurance than other sites. Post-catastrophe, reef fishes will shift to the sites where most coral reef-building has survived, especially reef fishes with territorial behaviour.

1 citations


Cites background from "Acanthophyllia deshayesiana (Michel..."

  • ...4 differences in community structure patterns among observation locations [30, 31]....

    [...]

DissertationDOI
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: This document summarizes current capabilities, research and operational priorities, and plans for further studies that were established at the 2015 USGS workshop on quantitative hazard assessments of earthquake-triggered landsliding and liquefaction in the Central American region.
Abstract: .................................................................................................................... xv

1 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
16 Jan 2003-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that along an environmental gradient, evolutionary branching can occur much more easily than in non-spatial models, and this facilitation is most pronounced for gradients of intermediate slope.
Abstract: Traditional discussions of speciation are based on geographical patterns of species ranges. In allopatric speciation, long-term geographical isolation generates reproductively isolated and spatially segregated descendant species. In the absence of geographical barriers, diversification is hindered by gene flow. Yet a growing body of phylogenetic and experimental data suggests that closely related species often occur in sympatry or have adjacent ranges in regions over which environmental changes are gradual and do not prevent gene flow. Theory has identified a variety of evolutionary processes that can result in speciation under sympatric conditions, with some recent advances concentrating on the phenomenon of evolutionary branching. Here we establish a link between geographical patterns and ecological processes of speciation by studying evolutionary branching in spatially structured populations. We show that along an environmental gradient, evolutionary branching can occur much more easily than in non-spatial models. This facilitation is most pronounced for gradients of intermediate slope. Moreover, spatial evolutionary branching readily generates patterns of spatial segregation and abutment between the emerging species. Our results highlight the importance of local processes of adaptive divergence for geographical patterns of speciation, and caution against pitfalls of inferring past speciation processes from present biogeographical patterns.

676 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present monograph introduces the higher-level classification system for the 46 genera whose relationships are clear and formally revise the taxonomy of those corals belonging to the newly discovered family-level clade (restricted today to the western Atlantic and Caribbean regions).

326 citations


"Acanthophyllia deshayesiana (Michel..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Descriptive characters involved 11 characters (Figure 2 and Table 2) (Budd and Stolarski, 2009; Casebolt, 2011; Arrigoni et al., 2012; Benzoni et al., 2012; Budd et al., 2012; Arrigoni et al., 2014a; 2014b)....

    [...]

  • ...Morphometric characters involved 7 characters (Figure 2 and Table 1) (Budd and Stolarski, 2009; Casebolt, 2011; Arrigoni et al., 2012; Benzoni et al., 2012; Budd et al., 2012; Arrigoni et al., 2014a; 2014b)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data support the hypothesis that A. prolifera is the product of hybridization between two species that have a different allelic composition for the Pax‐C intron, i.e. A. cervicornis and A. palmata, which backcrosses with the parental species at low frequency.
Abstract: Although Acropora is the most species-rich genus of the scleractinian (stony) corals, only three species occur in the Caribbean: A cervicornis, A palmata and A prolifera Based on overall coral morphology, abundance and distribution patterns, it has been suggested that A prolifera may be a hybrid between A cervicornis and A palmata The species boundaries among these three morphospecies were examined using DNA sequence analyses of the nuclear Pax-C 46/47 intron and the ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) and 58S regions Moderate levels of sequence variability were observed in the ITS and 58S sequences (up to 52% overall sequence difference), but variability within species was as large as between species and all three species carried similar sequences Since this is unlikely to represent a shared ancestral polymorphism, the data suggest that introgressive hybridization occurs among the three species For the Pax-C intron, A cervicornis and A palmata had very distinct allele frequencies and A cervicornis carried a unique allele at a frequency of 0769 (although sequence differences between alleles were small) All A prolifera colonies examined were heterozygous for the Pax-C intron, whereas heterozygosity was only 0286 and 0333 for A cervicornis and A palmata, respectively These data support the hypothesis that A prolifera is the product of hybridization between two species that have a different allelic composition for the Pax-C intron, ie A cervicornis and A palmata We therefore suggest that A prolifera is a hybrid between A cervicornis and A palmata, which backcrosses with the parental species at low frequency

213 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The integrative classification system proposed here will form the framework for more accurate biodiversity estimates and guide the taxonomic placement of extinct species.

149 citations


"Acanthophyllia deshayesiana (Michel..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Calice form is influenced by calice width, which the wider a calice, then the smaller its relief (Kongjandtre et al., 2012; Huang et al., 2014)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that P. damicornis from Eastern Australia constitutes a cryptic species complex because of the misinterpretation of taxonomical units within this species, which may well explain its perceived variation in the ecology, biology and life history across its range.
Abstract: The incredible range of morphological plasticity present in scleractinian corals has confused the taxonomy of the group, prompting the introduction of “ecomorphs” to explain the observed correlation between local environmental conditions and phenotypic variation. Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) represents one of the best known examples of eco-phenotypic variation in scleractinian corals with a variety of forms and reproductive strategies reported across its global distribution range. Here, we reconstruct genealogical relationships of P. damicornis colonies collected from thirteen locations along the East Australian coast to examine the relationship between genetic and phenotypic diversity in this species. Haplotype networks computed from two mitochondrial DNA regions (CR, ORF) indicate that the range of morphotypes observed within this taxon fall into at least five genetically distinct mitochondrial lineages. Nuclear (HSP70, ITS2) haplowebs on the other hand recover sharp genetic discontinuities among three of the morphological groups. We conclude that P. damicornis from Eastern Australia constitutes a cryptic species complex. The misinterpretation of taxonomical units within P. damicornis may well explain its perceived variation in the ecology, biology and life history across its range.

127 citations