Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) induces resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco.
TL;DR: Xanthi-nc becomes resistant to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and produces b proteins when injected with the interferon inducer polyacrylic acid and injection of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) induces resistance and the formation of new proteins in the White Burley and Samsun NN cultivars of tobacco.
About: This article is published in Virology.The article was published on 1979-12-01. It has received 720 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Salicylic acid & Tobacco mosaic virus.
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TL;DR: There is growing evidence that aging involves, in addition, progressive changes in free radical-mediated regulatory processes that result in altered gene expression.
Abstract: At high concentrations, free radicals and radical-derived, nonradical reactive species are hazardous for living organisms and damage all major cellular constituents. At moderate concentrations, how...
9,131 citations
TL;DR: A model describing the sequence of events leading from initial infection to the induction of defense genes is presented and exciting new data suggest that the mobile signal for SAR might be a lipid molecule.
Abstract: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a mechanism of induced defense that confers long-lasting protection against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. SAR requires the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA) and is associated with accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins, which are thought to contribute to resistance. Much progress has been made recently in elucidating the mechanism of SAR. Using the model plant Arabidopsis, it was discovered that the isochorismate pathway is the major source of SA during SAR. In response to SA, the positive regulator protein NPR1 moves to the nucleus where it interacts with TGA transcription factors to induce defense gene expression, thus activating SAR. Exciting new data suggest that the mobile signal for SAR might be a lipid molecule. We discuss the molecular and genetic data that have contributed to our understanding of SAR and present a model describing the sequence of events leading from initial infection to the induction of defense genes.
2,744 citations
TL;DR: Salicylic acid is essential for the development of systemic acquired resistance in tobacco and was investigated in transgenic tobacco plants harboring a bacterial gene encoding salicylate hydroxylase.
Abstract: It has been proposed that salicylic acid acts as an endogenous signal responsible for inducing systemic acquired resistance in plants. The contribution of salicylic acid to systemic acquired resistance was investigated in transgenic tobacco plants harboring a bacterial gene encoding salicylate hydroxylase, which converts salicylic acid to catechol. Transgenic plants that express salicylate hydroxylase accumulated little or no salicylic acid and were defective in their ability to induce acquired resistance against tobacco mosaic virus. Thus, salicylic acid is essential for the development of systemic acquired resistance in tobacco.
1,731 citations
TL;DR: Transformation of the cloned wild-type NPR1 gene into npr1 mutants not only restored the responsiveness to SAR induction with respect to PR-gene expression and resistance to infections, but also rendered the transgenic plants more resistant to infection by P. syringae in the absence of SAR induction.
1,449 citations
Cites background from "Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) indu..."
...In npr1-mutantbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), have been shown to plants, the virulent pathogen Psm ES4326 grows to ainduce SAR when applied exogenously to plants (White, 1979; Metraux et al., 1991; Görlach et al., 1996)....
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TL;DR: A role for PR genes in preventing the proximal spread of pathogens in addition to their suggested role in SAR is suggested after the insensitivity of npr1 to SA, INA, and avirulent pathogens in SAR induction indicates that these inducers share a common signal transduction pathway.
Abstract: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a general defense response in plants that is characterized by the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. SAR can be induced after a hypersensitive response to an avirulent pathogen or by treatment with either salicylic acid (SA) or 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). To dissect the signal transduction pathway of SAR, we isolated an Arabidopsis mutant that lacks the expression of an SA-, INA-, and pathogen-responsive chimeric reporter gene composed of the 5[prime] untranslated region of an Arabidopsis PR gene, [beta]-1,3-glucanase (BGL2), and the coding region of [beta]-glucuronidase (GUS). This mutant, npr1 (nonexpresser of PR genes), carries a single recessive mutation that abolishes the SAR-responsive expression of other PR genes as well. While SA-, INA-, or avirulent pathogen-induced SAR protects wild-type plants from Pseudomonas syringae infection, the mutant cannot be protected by pretreatment with these inducers. The insensitivity of npr1 to SA, INA, and avirulent pathogens in SAR induction indicates that these inducers share a common signal transduction pathway. Moreover, in npr1, the localized expression of PR genes induced by a virulent Pseudomonas pathogen is disrupted, and the lesion formed is less confined. These results suggest a role for PR genes in preventing the proximal spread of pathogens in addition to their suggested role in SAR.
1,421 citations
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TL;DR: Polyacrylamide failed to induce resistance suggesting that the polyanionic structure of the acid polymers is responsible for the phenomenon and evidence suggested that cell permeability to the larger polymers might increase with age of plant.
Abstract: Summary
Polyacrylic acid (PA) injected into tobacco cv. Xanthi-nc induced complete resistance to infection with TMV or tobacco necrosis virus but only partial resistance to potato virus X. The effect was maximal when the injection was made 2 to 3 days before inoculation. The lesion size was limited when the injection was made after inoculation. Using PA of 3500, 27000, 76000, 230000 and 1 × 106 mol. wt. the resistance decreased with increasing size of the polymer. In plants younger than 7 weeks, only the smallest polymer was active and evidence suggested that cell permeability to the larger polymers might increase with age of plant. The PA-induced resistance disappeared when plants were kept at 32 °C, but the effect of temperature was reversible. Polyacrylamide failed to induce resistance suggesting that the polyanionic structure of the acid polymers is responsible for the phenomenon.
Disc-electrophoresis in 10% polyacrylamide gels showed that three additional soluble proteins appeared in PA-injected leaves, but only in conditions in which resistance to infection was induced. These new proteins co-electrophoresed with three out of four proteins produced in TMV-infected leaves of cv. Xanthi plants that also are resistant to infection and may be the cause of resistance.
167 citations
138 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that leaves of tobacco plants inoculated or systemically infected with potato virus Y, cucumber mosaic virus, potato virus X, potato aucuba mosaic virus or alfalfa mosaic virus showed varying degrees of resistance to infection with tobacco mosaic virus.
Abstract: Summary
Leaves of tobacco plant cv. Xanthi-nc inoculated or systemically infected with potato virus Y, cucumber mosaic virus, potato virus X, potato aucuba mosaic virus or alfalfa mosaic virus showed varying degrees of resistance to infection with tobacco mosaic virus. The resistance was correlated with the appearance of at least three proteins not present in healthy plants. These were the proteins that appear in leaves injected with polyacrylic acid. Both the resistance to second infection and proteins decreased when the plants were kept for 2 days before inoculation at 32 °C.
101 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that the ‘b’ proteins are not normal constituents of healthy tobacco leaves, and results of treatment of the proteins with SDS and subsequent separation by gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS suggest that b1, b2 and b3 are composed of the same monomer.
Abstract: Summary
The ‘b’ protein components specific to virus infected tobacco leaves (Gianinazzi, Martin & Vallee, 1970) can be partially purified by preferential extraction at pH 2.8. Evidence is presented that they are rich in aromatic amino acids. Results of treatment of the proteins with SDS and subsequent separation by gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS suggest that b1, b2 and b3 are composed of the same monomer of mol. wt. about 16000 whilst b4 is composed of a monomer of mol. wt. about 29000. By purifying and concentrating the soluble protein extracts of water inoculated leaves, further evidence is provided that the ‘b’ proteins are not normal constituents of healthy tobacco leaves.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this combination, systemic acquired resistance was expressed when traces of protein components I to IV were present and the changes in soluble proteins were connected with the type of symptoms—either mosaic or localized necrosis—produced, rather than the genetic make-up of the host plant variety.
Abstract: Infection of Nicotiana tabacum var. “Samsun” and “Samsun NN” with tobacco mosaic virus “Wageningen” U 1 (TMV W U 1) at 30 °C leads to systemic mosaic symptoms in both varieties. Electrophoretic patterns of soluble leaf proteins in polyacrylamide gels showed identical changes for both varieties and were the same as those in the combination TMV W U 1-Samsun at 20 °C and similar to those in the combination TMV W U 1-Samsun EN, in which identical symptoms are induced. Four new protein components (I to IV) accumulating at 20 °C in Samsun NN plants showing local lesions did not increase in amount after transfer of these plants to 30 °C; bands I, II and IV were considerably reduced, whereas band III appeared unaffected. When Samsun plants were infected with the Holmes' ribgrass strain of TMV (TMV HR) at 20 °C, both free TMV HR coat protein and relatively small amounts of the new components I to IV were apparent, proving that these components cannot be products of the N gene. The formation of small local lesions on the variety Samsun EN upon infection with TMV HR resulted in induction of the new components I to IV in apparently trace amounts, whereas quantitative changes seemed to be extremely limited. Inoculation of Samsun NN plants with TMV HR led to symptoms under greenhouse conditions only. In this combination, systemic acquired resistance was expressed when traces of protein components I to IV were present. In general, the changes in soluble proteins were connected with the type of symptoms—either mosaic or localized necrosis—produced, rather than the genetic make-up of the host plant variety.
40 citations