Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Genes: An Overview
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Cites background from "Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Gene..."
...The sequence information for the AR genes was collected from different resources, and the information for 1,689 AR genes was included in the database (7, 9, 18, 20, 28)....
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Cites background from "Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Gene..."
...If an ARG is on 280 a conjugative or mobilizable plasmid, then this ARG has the potential to transfer among bacteria 281 (Bennett, 2008; van Hoek et al., 2011), so that resistance can spread throughout a given ecosystem....
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...Conjugative transposons, like conjugative plasmids contain an origin of 275 transfer and the genes required to make the conjugation pparatus (van Hoek et al., 2011)....
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504 citations
References
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"Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Gene..." refers background in this paper
...Tetracyclines were the first major group to which the term “broad spectrum” was applied (Chopra and Roberts, 2001)....
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...TETRACYCLINE History and action mechanism The first tetracycline antibiotic was characterized in 1948 as chlortetracycline from Streptomyces aureofaciens (Chopra et al., 1992; Chopra and Roberts, 2001)....
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..., anhydrotetracycline and 6-thiatetracycline), see below (Rasmussen et al., 1991; Oliva and Chopra, 1992; Chopra and Roberts, 2001)....
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..., oxytetracycline, tetracycline) or products of semi-synthetic approaches (e.g., doxycycline, minocycline; Chopra et al., 1992; Hunter and Hill, 1997; Chopra and Roberts, 2001)....
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3,640 citations
"Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Gene..." refers background in this paper
...…DNA mutations, which alter existing bacterial proteins, through transformation which can create mosaic proteins and/or as a result of transfer and acquisition of new genetic material between bacteria of the same or different species or genera (Spratt, 1994; Maiden, 1998; Ochman et al., 2000)....
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...These AR phenotypes can be achieved in microorganisms by chromosomal DNA mutations, which alter existing bacterial proteins, through transformation which can create mosaic proteins and/or as a result of transfer and acquisition of new genetic material between bacteria of the same or different species or genera (Spratt, 1994; Maiden, 1998; Ochman et al., 2000)....
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3,308 citations
"Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Gene..." refers background in this paper
...…at their active site, whereas Ambler class B β-lactamases are all metallo-enzymes who require zinc as a metal cofactor for their catalytic activities (Ambler, 1980; Bradford, 2001; Paterson and Bonomo, 2005; Wright, 2005; Poirel et al., 2007, 2010; Bush and Jacoby, 2010; Drawz and Bonomo, 2010)....
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...The most common and important mechanism through which bacteria can become resistant against β-lactams is by expressing β-lactamases, for example extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes, and carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamases (carbapenemases; Bradford, 2001; Jacoby and Munoz-Price, 2005; Paterson and Bonomo, 2005; Poirel et al., 2007; Queenan and Bush, 2007; Jacoby, 2009)....
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...…expressing β-lactamases, for example extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes, and carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamases (carbapenemases; Bradford, 2001; Jacoby and Munoz-Price, 2005; Paterson and Bonomo, 2005; Poirel et al., 2007; Queenan and Bush, 2007; Jacoby, 2009)....
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...Ambler classes A, C, and D include the β-lactamases with serine at their active site, whereas Ambler class B β-lactamases are all metallo-enzymes who require zinc as a metal cofactor for their catalytic activities (Ambler, 1980; Bradford, 2001; Paterson and Bonomo, 2005; Wright, 2005; Poirel et al., 2007, 2010; Bush and Jacoby, 2010; Drawz and Bonomo, 2010)....
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2,804 citations
"Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Gene..." refers background in this paper
...Nowadays numerous different classes of antimicrobial agents are known and they are classified based on their mechanisms of action (Neu, 1992)....
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