Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons by Kisspeptin as a Neuroendocrine Switch for the Onset of Puberty
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Cites background from "Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasin..."
...Nevertheless, it has been shown that Kiss1r is expressed in GnRH neurons (70), establishing that these cells are almost certainly direct targets for kisspeptin action....
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...First, the majority of GnRH neurons express Kiss1r (46, 70, 71, 80)....
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...Many species exhibit a marked increase in Kiss1 and/or Kiss1r expression in association with the onset of puberty, suggesting that kisspeptin acts as gatekeeper for puberty (48, 51, 70, 90, 101, 168, 183)....
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...MGI format: Kiss1 Kisspeptin-1 (68-121) (aka metastin) or kisspeptin/ metastin (112-121) Kiss1 (mRNA) With Kp-145 representing the entire 145 aa peptide, Kp54 (aa 68-121), Kp-14 (aa 108-121), Kp-13 (aa 109121), Kp-10 (aa 112-121) KiSS-1 peptide KiSS-1 protein Human KiSS-1, KiSS1 (typically italicized for the gene and not for mRNA) Metastin, Kisspeptin-145, -54, -14, -13, -10 (abbreviated Kp-145–Kp-10, KiSS-1) KISS1 Kisspeptin (Kp)–145-10...
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...(70) found that more than 90% of GnRH neurons express Kiss1r transcript, thus providing evidence that, in the mouse, kisspeptin neurons provide direct synaptic input to GnRH neurons, an idea corroborated by the finding that kisspeptin exerts a potent, direct depolarizing action on GnRH neurons (70) (Fig....
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658 citations
Cites background from "Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasin..."
...Kisspeptin activates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons (Gottsch et al., 2004; Han et al., 2005), which are the final common pathway by which the brain regulates the gonadotropin secretion, and pulsatile secretion of kisspeptin and GnRH are temporally linked (Keen et al., 2008)....
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...The kisspeptin released near GnRH terminals would bind to Kiss1r and initiate prolonged volleys of action potentials, and thus produce sustained GnRH secretion (Han et al., 2005; Pielecka-Fortuna et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2008)....
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...Kisspeptin activates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons (Gottsch et al., 2004; Han et al., 2005), which are the final common pathway by which the brain regulates the gonadotropin secretion, and pulsatile secretion of kisspeptin and GnRH are temporally linked (Keen et al....
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614 citations
Cites background from "Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasin..."
...As a whole, the pharmacological studies conducted so far strongly suggest that kisspeptins are able to elicit LH and FSH secretion both in males and females (101, 102, 299, 300), an effect that is already detected at early stages of postnatal development, including the infantile and/or juvenile periods in the rat, mouse, and monkey, although in the latter, only the juvenile phase has been tested (57, 161, 349)....
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...It must be stressed, though, that the functional features of the subset of GnRH neurons in the septum might differ from those of the POA, as evidenced by comparative analyses of kisspeptin responses during puberty (110, 161)....
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...In good agreement, the sensitivity to the stimulatory effects of kisspeptin, in terms of LH responses in vivo, augments significantly during pubertal maturation, in both rats and mice (57, 161)....
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...Thus initial studies already demonstrated a dramatic upsurge in Kiss1 mRNA levels and kisspeptin-IR at the AVPV across the pubertal transition in female mice, as detected by in situ hybridization and IHC (69, 161), findings that have been confirmed recently (140)....
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...Likewise, it has been demonstrated that kisspeptins can evoke very potent depolarization responses in GnRH neurons, as measured by voltage recordings in hypothalamic slices from GnRH-GFP mice (110, 161, 250, 337, 514), and induce the release of GnRH both ex vivo (by rat hypothalamic explants) (57, 58, 464) and in vivo (to the cerebrospinal fluid in the sheep) (280)....
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613 citations
Cites background from "Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasin..."
...Kisspeptin has been implicated in the feedback actions of ovarian steroids (see below), and kisspeptin expression correlates with changes in fertility associated with puberty (2, 14, 15), undernutrition (16), and seasonal breeding (17–19)....
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References
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"Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasin..." refers background in this paper
...Mutations in GPR54 are associated with sexual immaturity and infertility in humans (de Roux et al., 2003; Seminara et al., 2003; Semple et al., 2005), and this phenotype is mirrored in mice having genetically targeted deletions of GPR54 (Funes et al., 2003; Seminara et al., 2003)....
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1,431 citations
"Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasin..." refers background in this paper
...Kisspeptins are neuropeptides encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 and represent the natural ligands for the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (Kotani et al., 2001; Muir et al., 2001; Ohtaki et al., 2001)....
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1,355 citations
"Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasin..." refers background in this paper
...Kisspeptins are neuropeptides encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 and represent the natural ligands for the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (Kotani et al., 2001; Muir et al., 2001; Ohtaki et al., 2001)....
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