Active power filters: a review
01 Sep 2000-Vol. 147, Iss: 5, pp 403-413
TL;DR: There has been considerable interest in the development and applications of active filters because of the increasing concern over power quality, at both distribution and consumer levels, and the need to control reactive power and voltage stability at transmission levels as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: There has been considerable interest in the development and applications of active filters because of the increasing concern over power quality, at both distribution and consumer levels, and the need to control reactive power and voltage stability at transmission levels. The existing approaches are classified and assessed to provide a framework of references for both researchers in this field and for generators, suppliers and consumers of electrical power who are, or may be, concerned about the problems associated with power quality and are considering installing active filters for their particular sets of problems.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: This paper presents an exhaustive review of three-phase improved power quality AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components, comparative factors, recent trends, their suitability, and selection for specific applications.
Abstract: Solid-state switch-mode rectification converters have reached a matured level for improving power quality in terms of power-factor correction (PFC), reduced total harmonic distortion at input AC mains and precisely regulated DC output in buck, boost, buck-boost and multilevel modes with unidirectional and bidirectional power flow. This paper deals with a comprehensive review of improved power quality converters (IPQCs) configurations, control approaches, design features, selection of components, other related considerations, and their suitability and selection for specific applications. It is targeted to provide a wide spectrum on the status of IPQC technology to researchers, designers and application engineers working on switched-mode AC-DC converters. A classified list of more than 450 research publications on the state of art of IPQC is also given for a quick reference.
1,691 citations
Cites background from "Active power filters: a review"
...the dc output to feed a number of dc loads [7]–[9]....
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...and hybrid filters [4], [7]–[9] along with conventional rectifiers have been extensively developed, especially in large rating and already existing installations....
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TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive review on the unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) to enhance the electric power quality at distribution levels is presented, which is intended to present a broad overview on the different possible UPQC system configurations for single-phase and three-phase (threewire and four-wire) networks, different compensation approaches, and recent developments in the field.
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review on the unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) to enhance the electric power quality at distribution levels. This is intended to present a broad overview on the different possible UPQC system configurations for single-phase (two-wire) and three-phase (three-wire and four-wire) networks, different compensation approaches, and recent developments in the field. It is noticed that several researchers have used different names for the UPQC based on the unique function, task, application, or topology under consideration. Therefore, an acronymic list is developed and presented to highlight the distinguishing feature offered by a particular UPQC. In all 12 acronyms are listed, namely, UPQC-D, UPQC-DG, UPQC-I, UPQC-L, UPQC-MC, UPQC-MD, UPQC-ML, UPQC-P, UPQC-Q, UPQC-R, UPQC-S, and UPQC-VA. More than 150 papers on the topic are rigorously studied and meticulously classified to form these acronyms and are discussed in the paper.
620 citations
Cites background from "Active power filters: a review"
...There are two important types of APF, namely, shunt APF and series APF [8]–[10]....
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...The term active power filter (APF) is a widely used terminology in the area of electric power quality improvement [8]–[10]....
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20 Jun 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a proportional-integral regulator using sinusoidal signal integrators (SSIs) is proposed for shunt type power conditioners to compensate current harmonics.
Abstract: In this paper, a current control scheme, based on proportional-integral regulators using sinusoidal signal integrators (SSIs), is proposed for shunt type power conditioners. The aim is to simplify the implementation of SSI-based current harmonic compensation for industrial implementations where strict limitations on the harmonic distortion of the mains' currents are required. To compensate current harmonics, the SSIs are implemented to operate both on positive and negative sequence signals. One regulator, for the fundamental current component, is implemented in the stationary reference frame. The other regulators, for the current harmonics, are all implemented in a synchronous reference frame rotating at the fundamental frequency. This allows the simultaneous compensation of two current harmonics with just one regulator, yielding a significant reduction of the computational effort compared with other current control methods employing sinusoidal signal integrators implemented in stationary reference frame. A simple and robust voltage filter is also proposed by the authors to obtain a smooth and accurate position estimation of the voltage vector at the point of common coupling (PCC) under distorted mains' voltages. The whole control algorithm has been implemented on a 16-b, fixed-point digital signal processor (DSP) platform controlling a 20-kVA power conditioner prototype. The experimental results presented in this paper for inductive and capacitive loads show the validity of the proposed solutions.
351 citations
Cites background from "Active power filters: a review"
...Among various power conditioner topologies, the shunt active power filter (APF) is considered as an effective solution for low to medium power applications to reduce the current harmonics to acceptable limits [1]‐[ 4 ], featuring capabilities of compensating load unbalance and reactive currents as well [5], [6]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a design method for the output LC filter in grid coupled applications in distributed generation systems is presented, according to the harmonics standards that determine the level of current harmonics injected into the grid network.
Abstract: With the growing use of inverters in distributed generation, the problem of injected harmonics becomes critical. These harmonics require the connection of low pass filters between the inverter and the network. This paper presents a design method for the output LC filter in grid coupled applications in distributed generation systems. The design is according to the harmonics standards that determine the level of current harmonics injected into the grid network. Analytical expressions for the maximum inductor ripple current are derived. The filter capacitor design depends on the allowable level of switching components injected into the grid. Different passive filter damping techniques to suppress resonance affects are investigated and evaluated. Simulated results are included to verify the derived expressions.
238 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new concept of optimal utilization of a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is introduced, where the series inverter of UPQC is controlled to perform simultaneous voltage sag/swell compensation and load reactive power sharing with the shunt inverter.
Abstract: This paper introduces a new concept of optimal utilization of a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). The series inverter of UPQC is controlled to perform simultaneous 1) voltage sag/swell compensation and 2) load reactive power sharing with the shunt inverter. The active power control approach is used to compensate voltage sag/swell and is integrated with theory of power angle control (PAC) of UPQC to coordinate the load reactive power between the two inverters. Since the series inverter simultaneously delivers active and reactive powers, this concept is named as UPQC-S (S for complex power). A detailed mathematical analysis, to extend the PAC approach for UPQC-S, is presented in this paper. MATLAB/SIMULINK-based simulation results are discussed to support the developed concept. Finally, the proposed concept is validated with a digital signal processor-based experimental study.
222 citations
Cites background from "Active power filters: a review"
...At the distribution level, UPQC is a most attractive solution to compensate several major power quality problems [7]–[9], [14]–[28]....
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...To maintain the controlled power quality regulations, some kind of compensation at all the power levels is becoming a common practice [5]–[9]....
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References
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the present status of active filters based on state-of-the-art power electronics technology, and their future prospects and directions toward the 21st Century, including the personal views and expectations of the author.
Abstract: Attention has been paid to active filters for power conditioning which provide the following multifunctions: reactive power compensation; harmonic compensation; flicker/imbalance compensation; and voltage regulation. Active filters in a range of 50 kVA-60 MVA have been practically installed in Japan. In the near future, the term "active filters" will have a much wider meaning than it did in the 1970s. For instance, active filters intended for harmonic solutions are expanding their functions from harmonic compensation of nonlinear loads into harmonic isolation between utilities and consumers, and harmonic damping throughout power distribution systems. This paper presents the present status of active filters based on state-of-the-art power electronics technology, and their future prospects and directions toward the 21st Century, including the personal views and expectations of the author.
1,700 citations
TL;DR: Active power line conditioning (APLC) as mentioned in this paper is a line conditioning technique that can potentially correct network distortion caused by power electronic loads by injecting equal-but-opposite distortion at carefully selected points in a network.
Abstract: Active power-line conditioning (APLC) is a concept that can potentially correct network distortion caused by power electronic loads by injecting equal-but-opposite distortion at carefully selected points in a network. Results are presented of an extensive literary survey on the subject of APLCs. Thirty-seven key publications are identified and reviewed. Existing and proposed line-conditioning methodologies are compared, and a list of the advantages and limitations of each is presented. >
573 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a three-phase four-wire shunt active power filter using a conventional three-leg converter without the need of power supply at DC bus has been described.
Abstract: This paper describes a three-phase four-wire shunt active power filter using a conventional three-leg converter, without the need of power supply at DC bus Two approaches have been developed to control the active filter Both control strategies consider harmonics and zero sequence components in the voltage and current simultaneously The first one provides constant power and the second one sinusoidal current to the source, even under unbalanced voltage conditions Simulation results from a complete model of shunt active filter are presented to validate and compare the control strategies
543 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a variable inductance controller for a parallel hybrid active filter system is proposed to selectively synthesize multiple "active inductances" at dominant harmonic frequencies without affecting passive filter impedances at all other frequencies.
Abstract: This paper presents a new control scheme for a parallel hybrid active filter system intended for harmonic compensation of large nonlinear loads up to 50 MVA, to meet IEEE 519 recommended harmonic standards. The active filter is small rated, 2%-3% of load kilovoltampere rating. The control scheme is based on the concept of synthesizing a dynamically variable inductance, and its usefulness is demonstrated for an active filtering application. A synchronous reference frame (SRF) controller implements the dynamically varying negative or positive inductance by generating active filter inverter voltage commands. This variable inductance controller parallel hybrid active filter system can selectively synthesize multiple "active inductances" at dominant harmonic frequencies without affecting passive filter impedances at all other frequencies. This controller also provides a "current limiting" function to prevent passive filter overloading under ambient harmonic loads and/or supply voltage distortions. Three implementation variations of a parallel hybrid active filter system are presented. This paper also proposes the use of power factor correction capacitors as low cost passive filters for a parallel hybrid active filter system, which are controlled to provide either single or multiple tuned harmonic sinks and to increase cost effectiveness for high power applications. Simulation results validate the proposed variable inductance controller operation for mistuned passive filters.
314 citations
TL;DR: Experimental results obtained from a 5 kVA prototype confirm the feasibility and the features of the proposed active power filter, which can compensate the reactive power and the current harmonic components of nonlinear loads.
Abstract: The performance and dynamic characteristics of a three-phase active power filter operating with fixed switching frequency is presented and analyzed in this paper. The proposed scheme employs a PWM voltage-source inverter and has two important characteristics. First, it operates with fixed switching frequency, and second, it can compensate the reactive power and the current harmonic components of nonlinear loads. Reactive power compensation is achieved without sensing and computing the reactive component of the load current, thus simplifying the control system. Current harmonic compensation is done in time domain. The principles of operation of the proposed active power filter along with the design criteria of the power and control circuit components are discussed in detail. Finally, experimental results obtained from a 5 kVA prototype confirm the feasibility and the features of the proposed system. >
302 citations