Activity in the Medial Temporal Lobe Predicts Memory Strength, Whereas Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Recollection

doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3456-08.2008

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Activity in the Medial Temporal Lobe Predicts Memory Strength, Whereas Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Recollection

Journal Article•DOI•

Activity in the Medial Temporal Lobe Predicts Memory Strength, Whereas Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Recollection

C. B. Kirwan¹, John T. Wixted, Larry R. Squire•Institutions (1)

University of California, San Diego¹

15 Oct 2008-The Journal of Neuroscience (Society for Neuroscience)-Vol. 28, Iss: 42, pp 10541-10548

TL;DR: In a source memory study, a novel approach to data analysis was used that allowed item memory strength and source memory strength to be assessed independently and suggested that activity in the medial temporal lobe is predictive of subsequent memory strength, whereas activity in prefrontal cortex is predicted of subsequent recollection.

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Abstract: Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of recognition memory have often been interpreted to mean that the hippocampus supports recollection and that the adjacent perirhinal cortex supports familiarity. Other work points out that these studies have confounded recollection and familiarity with strong and weak memories. In a source memory study, we used two novel approaches to data analysis that allowed item memory strength and source memory strength to be assessed independently. First, we identified regions in both hippocampus and perirhinal cortex in which activity varied as a function of subsequent item memory strength while source memory strength was held constant at chance levels. Second, we identified regions in prefrontal cortex in which activity varied as a function of subsequent source memory strength while item memory strength was held constant. These findings suggest that activity in the medial temporal lobe is predictive of subsequent memory strength, whereas activity in prefrontal cortex is predictive of subsequent recollection.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

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M.J. Torrens

01 Mar 1990-Clinical Radiology

9,362 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Source monitoring 15 years later: What have we learned from fMRI about the neural mechanisms of source memory?

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Karen J. Mitchell¹, Marcia K. Johnson¹•Institutions (1)

Yale University¹

01 Jul 2009-Psychological Bulletin

TL;DR: Focusing primarily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), evidence regarding the roles of subregions of the medial temporal lobes, prefrontal cortex, posterior representational areas, and parietal cortex in source memory is reviewed.

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Abstract: Focusing primarily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this article reviews evidence regarding the roles of subregions of the medial temporal lobes, prefrontal cortex, posterior representational areas, and parietal cortex in source memory In addition to evidence from standard episodic memory tasks assessing accuracy for neutral information, the article considers studies assessing the qualitative characteristics of memories, the encoding and remembering of emotional information, and false memories, as well as evidence from populations that show disrupted source memory (older adults, individuals with depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, or schizophrenia) Although there is still substantial work to be done, fMRI is advancing understanding of source memory and highlighting unresolved issues A continued 2-way interaction between cognitive theory, as illustrated by the source monitoring framework (M K Johnson, S Hashtroudi, & D S Lindsay, 1993), and evidence from cognitive neuroimaging studies should clarify conceptualization of cognitive processes (eg, feature binding, retrieval, monitoring), prior knowledge (eg, semantics, schemas), and specific features (eg, perceptual and emotional information) and of how they combine to create true and false memories

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601 citations

Cites background or methods from "Activity in the Medial Temporal Lob..."

...In particular, some investigators assume that an old item correctly recognized with high confidence at Stage 1 and given an incorrect source attribution at Stage 2 is based on a strong familiarity response (e.g., Kirwan et al., 2008)....
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...…behavioral data such as that produced via ROC curves, precisely how to use them to interpret patterns of brain activity from specific regions remains a puzzle whose solution appears currently to require debatable assumptions (see, e.g., Kirwan et al., 2008, and discussion in the section on MTL)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Neural activity that predicts subsequent memory and forgetting: a meta-analysis of 74 fMRI studies.

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Hongkeun Kim¹•Institutions (1)

Daegu University¹

01 Feb 2011-NeuroImage

TL;DR: Findings from a quantitative meta-analysis of functional MRI studies that used a subsequent memory approach clarify the neural activity that supports successful encoding, as well as the Neural activity that leads to encoding failure.

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563 citations

Cites background or result from "Activity in the Medial Temporal Lob..."

...Second, the distinction between item- and associative-memory, though traditionally focused on the MTL, may also involve differential SM effects in other brain regions (Kirwan et al., 2008)....
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...This may reflect a greater demand for hippocampal binding mechanisms during associative encoding (Kirwan et al., 2008)....
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...We excluded any contrast probing item SM from such studies, because (i) encoding tasks in these studies differed appreciably from those used in item SM studies, (ii) the distinction between associative- and item-memory in these studies tended to be conflated with the distinction between strong and weak memory (Kirwan et al., 2008; Squire et al., 2007), and (iii) including such contrasts would result in statistical dependencies (i....
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...This may reflect a greater demand for hippocampal binding mechanisms during associative encoding (Kirwan et al., 2008)....
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...Thus, greater SM effects in the left posterior IFC/insular region may reflect increased demands on controlled semantic processing during verbal-associative encoding (Kirwan et al., 2008)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Recollection and familiarity: Examining controversial assumptions and new directions

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Andrew P. Yonelinas¹, Mariam Aly¹, Wei-Chun Wang¹, Joshua D. Koen¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Davis¹

01 Nov 2010-Hippocampus

TL;DR: A simple quantitative model of recognition memory (i.e., the dual‐process signal detection model) is described that has been useful in integrating findings from a broad range of cognitive studies, and that is now being applied in a growing number of neuroscientific investigations of memory.

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Abstract: It is well accepted that recognition memory reflects the contribution of two separable memory retrieval processes, namely recollection and familiarity. However, fundamental questions remain regarding the functional nature and neural substrates of these processes. In this article, we describe a simple quantitative model of recognition memory (i.e., the dual-process signal detection model) that has been useful in integrating findings from a broad range of cognitive studies, and that is now being applied in a growing number of neuroscientific investigations of memory. The model makes several strong assumptions about the behavioral nature and neural substrates of recollection and familiarity. A review of the literature indicates that these assumptions are generally well supported, but that there are clear boundary conditions in which these assumptions break down. We argue that these findings provide important insights into the operation of the processes underlying recognition. Finally, we consider how the dual-process approach relates to recent neuroanatomical and computational models and how it might be integrated with recent findings concerning the role of medial temporal lobe regions in other cognitive functions such as novelty detection, perception, implicit memory and short-term memory.

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454 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Going beyond LTM in the MTL: a synthesis of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings on the role of the medial temporal lobe in memory and perception.

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Kim S. Graham¹, Morgan D. Barense², Andy C. H. Lee³•Institutions (3)

Cardiff University¹, University of Toronto², University of Oxford³

01 Mar 2010-Neuropsychologia

TL;DR: A non-modular view of memory is proposed in which memory and perception depend upon the same anatomically distributed representations (emergent memory account), and a number of outstanding questions proposed, including key predictions that can be tested by future studies.

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374 citations

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References

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Open Access

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Book•

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain

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J. Talairach, Pierre Tournoux

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Journal Article•DOI•

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Robert W. Cox¹•Institutions (1)

Medical College of Wisconsin¹

01 Jun 1996-Computers and Biomedical Research

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10,002 citations

"Activity in the Medial Temporal Lob..." refers methods in this paper

...…images were acquired using a T1-weighted, inversion prepared spoiled gradient-echo pulse sequence (24 cm field of view; 10° flip angle; TE, 3.8 ms; 166 slices; 1.4 mm slice thickness; matrix size, 256 256). fMRI data analysis. fMRI data were analyzed using the AFNI suite of programs (Cox, 1996)....
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...fMRI data were analyzed using the AFNI suite of programs (Cox, 1996)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

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M.J. Torrens

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9,362 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The Nature of Recollection and Familiarity: A Review of 30 Years of Research

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Andrew P. Yonelinas¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Davis¹

01 Apr 2002-Journal of Memory and Language

TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that recall is more sensitive than familiarity to response speeding, division of attention, generation, semantic encoding, the effects of aging, and the amnestic effects of benzodiazepines, while familiarity is less sensitive to shifts in response criterion, fluency manipulations, forgetting over short retention intervals, and some perceptual manipulations.

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3,434 citations

"Activity in the Medial Temporal Lob..." refers result in this paper

..., item confidence rating of 6) is consistent with the view that the high memory strength trials were especially likely to be associated with recollection and that activity in the hippocampus is a predictor of recollective experience (Yonelinas, 2002; Eichenbaum et al., 2007)....
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...…in the analysis (i.e., item confidence rating of 6) is consistent with the view that the high memory strength trials were especially likely to be associated with recollection and that activity in the hippocampus is a predictor of recollective experience (Yonelinas, 2002; Eichenbaum et al., 2007)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Improved assessment of significant activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) : use of a cluster-size threshold

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Steven D. Forman¹, Jonathan D. Cohen², Mark Fitzgerald², William F. Eddy², Mark A. Mintun², Douglas C. Noll² - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

University of Pittsburgh¹, Carnegie Mellon University²

01 May 1995-Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

TL;DR: In this article, an alternative approach, which relies on the assumption that areas of true neural activity will tend to stimulate signal changes over contiguous pixels, is presented, which can improve statistical power by as much as fivefold over techniques that rely solely on adjusting per pixel false positive probabilities.

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Abstract: The typical functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) study presents a formidable problem of multiple statistical comparisons (i.e., > 10,000 in a 128 x 128 image). To protect against false positives, investigators have typically relied on decreasing the per pixel false positive probability. This approach incurs an inevitable loss of power to detect statistically significant activity. An alternative approach, which relies on the assumption that areas of true neural activity will tend to stimulate signal changes over contiguous pixels, is presented. If one knows the probability distribution of such cluster sizes as a function of per pixel false positive probability, one can use cluster-size thresholds independently to reject false positives. Both Monte Carlo simulations and fMRI studies of human subjects have been used to verify that this approach can improve statistical power by as much as fivefold over techniques that rely solely on adjusting per pixel false positive probabilities.

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3,094 citations