Proceedings Article•
Activity recognition from accelerometer data
09 Jul 2005-pp 1541-1546
TL;DR: This paper reports on the efforts to recognize user activity from accelerometer data and performance of base-level and meta-level classifiers, and Plurality Voting is found to perform consistently well across different settings.
Abstract: Activity recognition fits within the bigger framework of context awareness. In this paper, we report on our efforts to recognize user activity from accelerometer data. Activity recognition is formulated as a classification problem. Performance of base-level classifiers and meta-level classifiers is compared. Plurality Voting is found to perform consistently well across different settings.
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TL;DR: This work describes and evaluates a system that uses phone-based accelerometers to perform activity recognition, a task which involves identifying the physical activity a user is performing, and has a wide range of applications, including automatic customization of the mobile device's behavior based upon a user's activity.
Abstract: Mobile devices are becoming increasingly sophisticated and the latest generation of smart cell phones now incorporates many diverse and powerful sensors These sensors include GPS sensors, vision sensors (ie, cameras), audio sensors (ie, microphones), light sensors, temperature sensors, direction sensors (ie, magnetic compasses), and acceleration sensors (ie, accelerometers) The availability of these sensors in mass-marketed communication devices creates exciting new opportunities for data mining and data mining applications In this paper we describe and evaluate a system that uses phone-based accelerometers to perform activity recognition, a task which involves identifying the physical activity a user is performing To implement our system we collected labeled accelerometer data from twenty-nine users as they performed daily activities such as walking, jogging, climbing stairs, sitting, and standing, and then aggregated this time series data into examples that summarize the user activity over 10- second intervals We then used the resulting training data to induce a predictive model for activity recognition This work is significant because the activity recognition model permits us to gain useful knowledge about the habits of millions of users passively---just by having them carry cell phones in their pockets Our work has a wide range of applications, including automatic customization of the mobile device's behavior based upon a user's activity (eg, sending calls directly to voicemail if a user is jogging) and generating a daily/weekly activity profile to determine if a user (perhaps an obese child) is performing a healthy amount of exercise
2,417 citations
Cites background or methods from "Activity recognition from accelerom..."
...Additional studies have similarly focused on how one can use a variety of accelerometerbased devices to identify a range of user activities [4-7, 9-16, 21]....
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...[15] collected data from two users wearing a single accelerometer-based device and then transmitted this data to the HP iPAQ mobile device carried by the user....
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Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 2013TL;DR: An Activity Recognition database is described, built from the recordings of 30 subjects doing Activities of Daily Living while carrying a waist-mounted smartphone with embedded inertial sensors, which is released to public domain on a well-known on-line repository.
Abstract: Human-centered computing is an emerging research field that aims to understand human behavior and integrate users and their social context with computer systems. One of the most recent, challenging and appealing applications in this framework consists in sensing human body motion using smartphones to gather context information about people actions. In this context, we describe in this work an Activity Recognition database, built from the recordings of 30 subjects doing Activities of Daily Living (ADL) while carrying a waist-mounted smartphone with embedded inertial sensors, which is released to public domain on a well-known on-line repository. Results, obtained on the dataset by exploiting a multiclass Support Vector
Machine (SVM), are also acknowledged.
1,501 citations
Cites background from "Activity recognition from accelerom..."
...Some approaches have adapted dedicated motion sensors in different body parts such as the waist, wrist, chest and thighs achieving good classification performance [4]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a comprehensive hands-on introduction for newcomers to the field of human activity recognition using on-body inertial sensors and describe the concept of an Activity Recognition Chain (ARC) as a general-purpose framework for designing and evaluating activity recognition systems.
Abstract: The last 20 years have seen ever-increasing research activity in the field of human activity recognition. With activity recognition having considerably matured, so has the number of challenges in designing, implementing, and evaluating activity recognition systems. This tutorial aims to provide a comprehensive hands-on introduction for newcomers to the field of human activity recognition. It specifically focuses on activity recognition using on-body inertial sensors. We first discuss the key research challenges that human activity recognition shares with general pattern recognition and identify those challenges that are specific to human activity recognition. We then describe the concept of an Activity Recognition Chain (ARC) as a general-purpose framework for designing and evaluating activity recognition systems. We detail each component of the framework, provide references to related research, and introduce the best practice methods developed by the activity recognition research community. We conclude with the educational example problem of recognizing different hand gestures from inertial sensors attached to the upper and lower arm. We illustrate how each component of this framework can be implemented for this specific activity recognition problem and demonstrate how different implementations compare and how they impact overall recognition performance.
1,214 citations
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: This tutorial aims to provide a comprehensive hands-on introduction for newcomers to the field of human activity recognition using on-body inertial sensors and describes the concept of an Activity Recognition Chain (ARC) as a general-purpose framework for designing and evaluating activity recognition systems.
Abstract: The last 20 years have seen ever-increasing research activity in the field of human activity recognition. With activity recognition having considerably matured, so has the number of challenges in designing, implementing, and evaluating activity recognition systems. This tutorial aims to provide a comprehensive hands-on introduction for newcomers to the field of human activity recognition. It specifically focuses on activity recognition using on-body inertial sensors. We first discuss the key research challenges that human activity recognition shares with general pattern recognition and identify those challenges that are specific to human activity recognition. We then describe the concept of an Activity Recognition Chain (ARC) as a general-purpose framework for designing and evaluating activity recognition systems. We detail each component of the framework, provide references to related research, and introduce the best practice methods developed by the activity recognition research community. We conclude with the educational example problem of recognizing different hand gestures from inertial sensors attached to the upper and lower arm. We illustrate how each component of this framework can be implemented for this specific activity recognition problem and demonstrate how different implementations compare and how they impact overall recognition performance.
1,078 citations
Cites background from "Activity recognition from accelerom..."
...These features are popular due to their simplicity as well as their high performance across a variety of activity recognition problems [Bao and Intille 2004; Ravi et al. 2005]....
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...These features are popular due to their simplicity as well as their high performance across a variety of activity recognition problems [Bao and Intille 2004; Ravi et al. 2005]....
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01 Nov 2012
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey to examine the development and current status of various aspects of sensor-based activity recognition, making a primary distinction in this paper between data-driven and knowledge-driven approaches.
Abstract: Research on sensor-based activity recognition has, recently, made significant progress and is attracting growing attention in a number of disciplines and application domains. However, there is a lack of high-level overview on this topic that can inform related communities of the research state of the art. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey to examine the development and current status of various aspects of sensor-based activity recognition. We first discuss the general rationale and distinctions of vision-based and sensor-based activity recognition. Then, we review the major approaches and methods associated with sensor-based activity monitoring, modeling, and recognition from which strengths and weaknesses of those approaches are highlighted. We make a primary distinction in this paper between data-driven and knowledge-driven approaches, and use this distinction to structure our survey. We also discuss some promising directions for future research.
944 citations
Cites background or result from "Activity recognition from accelerom..."
...Some authors have attempted to compare discriminative and generative models [48], [153], generally...
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...also found that SVMs performed consistently well, but also investigated meta-level classifiers that combined the results of multiple base-level classifiers [153]....
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References
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01 Aug 1996
TL;DR: Tests on real and simulated data sets using classification and regression trees and subset selection in linear regression show that bagging can give substantial gains in accuracy.
Abstract: Bagging predictors is a method for generating multiple versions of a predictor and using these to get an aggregated predictor. The aggregation averages over the versions when predicting a numerical outcome and does a plurality vote when predicting a class. The multiple versions are formed by making bootstrap replicates of the learning set and using these as new learning sets. Tests on real and simulated data sets using classification and regression trees and subset selection in linear regression show that bagging can give substantial gains in accuracy. The vital element is the instability of the prediction method. If perturbing the learning set can cause significant changes in the predictor constructed, then bagging can improve accuracy.
16,118 citations
"Activity recognition from accelerom..." refers background or methods in this paper
...• Bagging (Breiman 1996) is another simple meta-level classifier that uses just one base-level classifier at a time....
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...In addition to analyzing the performance of base-level classifiers (Bao & Intille 2004), we have studied the effectiveness of meta-level classifiers (such as boosting (Freund & Schapire 1996), bagging (Breiman 1996), plurality voting, stacking using ODTs, and stacking using MDTs (Todorovski & Dzeroski 2003)) in improving activity recognition accuracy....
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...…classifiers (Bao & Intille 2004), we have studied the effectiveness of meta-level classifiers (such as boosting (Freund & Schapire 1996), bagging (Breiman 1996), plurality voting, stacking using ODTs, and stacking using MDTs (Todorovski & Dzeroski 2003)) in improving activity recognition…...
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...Bussmann et al. 2001). The most successful and exhaustive work in this regard is that of Bao & Intille (2004). In their experiments, subjects wore 5 biaxial accelerometers on different body parts as they performed a variety of activities like walking, sitting, standing still, watching TV, running, bicycling, eating, reading etc....
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01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, generalized estimating equations (GEE) with computing using PROC GENMOD in SAS and multilevel analysis of clustered binary data using generalized linear mixed-effects models with PROC LOGISTIC are discussed.
Abstract: tic regression, and it concerns studying the effect of covariates on the risk of disease. The chapter includes generalized estimating equations (GEE’s) with computing using PROC GENMOD in SAS and multilevel analysis of clustered binary data using generalized linear mixed-effects models with PROC LOGISTIC. As a prelude to the following chapter on repeated-measures data, Chapter 5 presents time series analysis. The material on repeated-measures analysis uses linear additive models with GEE’s and PROC MIXED in SAS for linear mixed-effects models. Chapter 7 is about survival data analysis. All computing throughout the book is done using SAS procedures.
9,995 citations
Proceedings Article•
AT&T1
TL;DR: This paper describes experiments carried out to assess how well AdaBoost with and without pseudo-loss, performs on real learning problems and compared boosting to Breiman's "bagging" method when used to aggregate various classifiers.
Abstract: In an earlier paper, we introduced a new "boosting" algorithm called AdaBoost which, theoretically, can be used to significantly reduce the error of any learning algorithm that con- sistently generates classifiers whose performance is a little better than random guessing. We also introduced the related notion of a "pseudo-loss" which is a method for forcing a learning algorithm of multi-label concepts to concentrate on the labels that are hardest to discriminate. In this paper, we describe experiments we carried out to assess how well AdaBoost with and without pseudo-loss, performs on real learning problems. We performed two sets of experiments. The first set compared boosting to Breiman's "bagging" method when used to aggregate various classifiers (including decision trees and single attribute- value tests). We compared the performance of the two methods on a collection of machine-learning benchmarks. In the second set of experiments, we studied in more detail the performance of boosting using a nearest-neighbor classifier on an OCR problem.
7,601 citations
"Activity recognition from accelerom..." refers background or methods in this paper
...…the performance of base-level classifiers (Bao & Intille 2004), we have studied the effectiveness of meta-level classifiers (such as boosting (Freund & Schapire 1996), bagging (Breiman 1996), plurality voting, stacking using ODTs, and stacking using MDTs (Todorovski & Dzeroski 2003)) in…...
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...Decision tree classifiers showed the best performance, recognizing activities with an overall accuracy of 84%....
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01 Mar 2002
TL;DR: This presentation discusses the design and implementation of machine learning algorithms in Java, as well as some of the techniques used to develop and implement these algorithms.
Abstract: 1. What's It All About? 2. Input: Concepts, Instances, Attributes 3. Output: Knowledge Representation 4. Algorithms: The Basic Methods 5. Credibility: Evaluating What's Been Learned 6. Implementations: Real Machine Learning Schemes 7. Moving On: Engineering The Input And Output 8. Nuts And Bolts: Machine Learning Algorithms In Java 9. Looking Forward
5,936 citations