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Journal ArticleDOI

Adakites without a slab: Remelting of hydrous basalt in the crust and shallow mantle of Borneo to produce the Miocene Sintang Suite and Bau Suite magmatism of West Sarawak

TL;DR: In this paper, geochronological and geochemical data for Neogene magmatism from West Sarawak were presented, showing that the geochemical diversity is consistent with the Bau and West SARawak Sintang suites representing mixtures of mafic, mantle-derived magma with felsic magma derived from remelting of hydrous basaltic rocks in the crust.
About: This article is published in Lithos.The article was published on 2019-11-01 and is currently open access. It has received 22 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Adakite & Mafic.

Summary (3 min read)

1. Introduction

  • Subduction zones have been major sites of crustal processing since at least the Neoproterozoic.
  • Thus, several different processes – some involving slab melting, some not – have been proposed to explain the generation of the adakitic chemical signature.
  • The authors explore the temporal, petrological, and geochemical development of a suite of Neogene magmatic rocks from Borneo that includes adakitic rocks.
  • These were generated in a setting that had lacked subduction during, at least, the preceding 50 million years, and where there is no evidence of substantial crustal thickening.

2. Regional background

  • Geochemically similar rocks from Kalimantan and West Sarawak (Kirk, 1968; Williams and Harahap, 1987) are predominantly of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene age, and have been referred to as the Sintang Intrusives, the Sintang Intrusive Suite or the Sintang Suite (e.g. Doutch, 1992; Moss et al., 1998; Hutchison, 2005, 2010).
  • Compositions are predominantly dacitic, granodioritic, or subordinately dioritic to granitic, with Itype character (Williams and Harahap, 1987).
  • Whole-rock, biotite, and hornblende K-Ar dating of 12 samples collected near Sintang in NW Kalimantan (Williams and Harahap, 1987) yielded two distinct age groups: an older group of 30.4 to 23 Ma in the Melawi Basin near Sintang (type locality), and a younger group of 17.9 to 16.4 Ma in the Ketungau Basin.

3. Methodology

  • 1. Sampling Fresh rocks or rocks with minimal alteration were sampled (TB samples) from outcrops or nearby float in West Sarawak (Fig. 3).
  • An example of pellet reproducibility, and comparison between XRF and isotope dilution data, are given in the web link referred to above.
  • Grains were mounted in epoxy resin blocks and AC C EP TE D M AN U SC R IP T polished to expose mid-grain sections.
  • Tera-Wasserburg plots were used to identify individual peaks or visually assess outliers (e.g. lead loss, inheritance and common lead) within the population which were then excluded from the weighted mean age calculation.

4. Petrography

  • Intrusive rocks Micro-tonalites/granodiorites (TB33, TB148a, STB36c, and STB61b) dominate the intrusive West Sarawak Sintang Suite.
  • Plagioclase and alkali feldspar form large idiomorphic to hypidiomorphic phenocrysts.
  • Biotite is often replaced by sericite, chlorite and titanite.
  • Idiomorphic volcanic quartz commonly has a bipyramidal shape, embayments and inclusions of sericite, biotite and plagioclase.
  • Plagioclase is zoned and forms idiomorphic to subidiomorphic crystals (Fig. 4k).

5. Geochemistry

  • Intrusive rocks of the West Sarawak Sintang Suite are predominantly felsic with a range of SiO2 contents from 56 to 70 wt. %, classified as granodiorite, monzodiorite and gabbro-diorite (Supplementary Fig. 1).
  • Major element variations in the West Sarawak Sintang intrusive rocks are also coherent with those of Sintang intrusive rocks from Kalimantan (Fig. 5a).
  • This means that their trace element ratios broadly resemble volcanic AC C EP TE D M AN U SC R IP T arc or post-collision rocks (Supplementary Fig. 1).
  • This makes the Bau Suite more similar to Kalimantan’s Central Sintang group than the Northern or Southern groups (Fig. 5).

6. U-(Th)-Pb zircon geochronology

  • Intrusive rocks Sample TB63b TB63b is a granodioritic sill intruding the Kayan Sandstone at Tanjung Santubong.
  • Simple internal zoning is evident in most grains.
  • Concentric, patchy and sector zoning are rare.
  • Two outliers of Miocene age were excluded from the weighted mean age calculation because of lead-loss, resulting in a unimodal population (Fig. 9a) of 81 Miocene ages (98% of total Miocene ages) that cluster between 19 and 23 Ma with a weighted mean age of 21.1 ± 0.2 Ma (MSWD = 3.5).

Sample TB58

  • TB58 is a stock that intrudes sediments of the Silantek Formation sampled from a granodiorite boulder in a small gully from Bukit Kelambi .
  • Zircons are angular, with a euhedral to subhedral or anhedral shape.
  • Simple internal zoning is evident in most grains.
  • A single Miocene age was excluded because of high common lead.
  • The population is predominantly Early Miocene (43 ages) with 7 inherited zircons of Mesozoic to Permian age, ranging from 114 to 267 Ma. 7 outliers of Miocene ages (grey in Fig. 8b) have either lead-loss or inheritance, and were excluded from the weighted mean age calculation.

Sample TB33

  • Simple internal zoning is evident in most grains.
  • Two ages were excluded because of partial ablation of the resin mount.
  • Six Miocene outliers, including a small population of inherited Miocene zircons at around 24 Ma and a number of zircons affected by lead-loss, were identified and excluded from the weighted mean age calculation.

Sample TB209a

  • Sample TB209a was sampled from a rhyolite boulder field near Bukit Buwaya.
  • Inherited zircons are subrounded to anhedral, usually with sector or oscillatory zoning.
  • Two inherited ages were excluded for failing the 10% discordance criteria and two Miocene ages were also excluded because of abundant common lead.
  • Of the valid ages 19 are Miocene, with three Miocene outliers either affected by lead-loss or inheritance (marked in grey) and excluded from the weighted mean age calculation, leaving a unimodal population which includes 16 of 19 (84% of all).

Sample TB61

  • Sample TB61 is a micro-granodiorite collected from the Bukit Stapok quarry in Batu Kawa near Kuching that contains euhedral, elongate zircons with simple or oscillatory zoning.
  • Larger zircons are anhedral, can be easily distinguished from elongate varieties, and are inherited.
  • The sample has one concordant inherited Proterozoic age around 850 Ma.

7. Discussion

  • West Sarawak Sintang Suite The authors U-Pb dating of zircons in volcanic and intrusive rocks from West Sarawak yielded a restricted range of ages (Fig. 10a), suggesting relatively short-lived Miocene magmatic episodes.
  • A single, slightly older, zircon age of c. 19 Ma in TB61, indistinguishable from the age of West Sarawak Sintang rocks (Fig. 10a) suggests Early Miocene magmatism in the Bau area.
  • Thus, melting of hydrated basalt in the mid- to deep-crust below Borneo could produce much of the major element variation character of non-adakitic rocks of West Sarawak, and in the Northern and Southern groups of the Kalimantan Sintang Suite.
  • The presence of such rocks among the Sintang Suite has two important implications.
  • Instead, the authors have identified that emplacement of these suites was accompanied by contemporaneous, mafic, mantle -derived magmatism.

Conclusions

  • Inherited zircons in the West Sarawak Sintang Suite suggest magmatism was active by c. 24 Ma. 2. The Neogene magmatism was not related to active subduction.
  • Geochemistry shows an adakite character for the Bau Suite while the Sintang Suite samples plot predominantly outside the adakite field.
  • The geochemical character of both suites is consistent with remelting of hydrous mafic rocks in the lithosphere of Borneo that were emplaced as arc basalt tens or hundreds of millions of years previously.
  • The mechanisms that generated this magmatism could have provided the heat to re-melt the crust, which yielded the intermediate and evolved intrusive rocks of the Sintang and Bau suites.
  • These may have been relicts from the extension which formed the Melawi and Ketungau basins and/or products of contemporaneous extension/transtension.

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Citations
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01 Dec 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, the East Philippine Arc was studied and local variations in lithosphere thickness suggest that thinning is rapid and may be piecemeal, and the evolution of the arc lithosphere has been observed over time.
Abstract: The Philippine Trench marks a nascent plate margin where subduction initiation is propagating from north to south. Magma compositions in the East Philippine Arc record thinning of arc lithosphere as it is eroded from below. Lithosphere is thicker beneath the younger, southern part of the arc, causing basaltic magma to stall and fractionate garnet at high pressure. In the mature, northern section, basaltic magma differentiates at shallower levels, at pressures where garnet is not stable. Local variations in lithosphere thickness suggest that thinning is rapid and may be piecemeal. Fluctuations in arc lithosphere thickness throughout the history of this margin appear to control spatial and temporal variations in magma fluxes into the arc crust. Varying fractionation depths of hydrous basalt may help to explain the andesitic composition of bulk continental crust.

51 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented new geochemistry, zircon U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar age data from igneous and metamorphic rocks from the Schwaner Mountains to investigate their tectono-magmatic histories.
Abstract: The Schwaner Mountains in southwestern Borneo form a large igneous province with a complex magmatic history and poorly known tectonic history. Previously it was known that Cretaceous granitoids intruded metamorphic rocks of the Pinoh Metamorphic Group assumed to be of Paleozoic age. Jurassic granitoids had been reported from the southern Schwaner Mountains. Most ages were based on K-Ar dating. We present new geochemistry, zircon U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar age data from igneous and metamorphic rocks from the Schwaner Mountains to investigate their tectono-magmatic histories. We subdivide the Schwaner Mountains into three different zones which record rifting, subduction-related and post-collisional magmatism. The Northwest Schwaner Zone (NWSZ) is part of the West Borneo Block which in the Triassic was within the Sundaland margin. It records Triassic to Jurassic magmatism during early Paleo-Pacific subduction. In contrast, the North Schwaner Zone (NSZ) and South Schwaner Zone (SSZ) are part of the SW Borneo (Banda) Block that separated from NW Australia in the Jurassic. Jurassic granitoids in the SSZ are within-plate (A-type) granites interpreted to have formed during rifting. The SW Borneo (Banda) Block collided with eastern Sundaland at c. 135 Ma. Following this, large I-type granitoid plutons and arc volcanics formed in the NWSZ and NSZ between c. 90 and 132 Ma, associated with Cretaceous Paleo-Pacific subduction. The largest intrusion is the c. 110 to 120 Ma Sepauk Tonalite. After collision of the East Java-West Sulawesi (Argo) Block, subduction ceased and post-collisional magmatism produced the c. 78 to 85 Ma Sukadana Granite and the A-type 72 Ma Sangiyang Granite in the SSZ. Rocks of the Pinoh Metamorphic Group mainly exposed in the NSZ, previously assumed to represent Paleozoic basement, contain abundant Early Cretaceous (110 to 135 Ma) zircons. They are interpreted as volcaniclastic sediments that formed contemporaneously with subduction-related volcanic rocks of the NSZ subsequently metamorphosed during intrusion of Cretaceous granitoids. There are no igneous rocks older than Cretaceous in the NSZ and older than Jurassic in the SSZ and there is no evidence for a continuation of a Triassic volcanic arc crossing Borneo from Sundaland to the east.

40 citations


Cites background from "Adakites without a slab: Remelting ..."

  • ...The youngest ages around 20 to 25 Ma belong to zircons probably derived from the Neogene Sintang Suite that intruded the Schwaner granitoids (Breitfeld et al., 2019)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that partial melting of mafic rocks can generate adakitic magmas under pressure, temperature, and hydrous conditions of 1.2-3.0 GPa, 800-1000°C, and 1.5-6.0 wt.% H2O.
Abstract: Adakitic rocks are intermediate-acid magmatic rocks characterized by enrichment in light rare-earth elements, depletion in heavy rare-earth elements, positive to negligible Eu and Sr anomalies, and high La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios. Cenozoic adakitic rocks generated by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust (slab) under eclogite-facies conditions (i.e., the original definition of “adakite”) occur mainly in Pacific Rim volcanic arcs (intra-oceanic, continental, and continental-margin island arcs), whereas those generated by partial melting of thickened lower crust occur mainly in Tethyan Tibetan collisional orogens. In volcanic arcs, adakitic melts derived from the melting of subducted oceanic crust metasomatize the mantle wedge to form a unique rock suite comprising adakite-adakite-type high-Mg andesite-Piip-type high-Mg andesite-Nb-rich basalt-boninite. This suite differs from the basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyolite suite formed from mantle wedge metasomatized by fluids derived from subducted oceanic crust. Previously published data indicate that partial melting of mafic rocks can generate adakitic magmas under pressure, temperature, and hydrous conditions of 1.2–3.0 GPa, 800–1000°C, and 1.5–6.0 wt.% H2O, respectively, leaving residual minerals of garnet and rutile with little or no plagioclase. Cenozoic Au and Cu deposits occur proximally to adakitic rocks, with host rocks of some deposits actually being adakitic rocks. Adakitic rocks thus have important implications for both deep-Earth dynamics and Cu-Au mineralization/exploration. Although studies of Cenozoic adakitic rocks have made many important advances, there remain weaknesses in some important areas such as their tectonic settings, petrogenesis, magma sources, melt-mantle interactions of pre-Cenozoic adakitic rocks, and their relationship with the onset of plate tectonics and crustal growth. Future research directions are likely to involve (1) the generation of adakitic magmas by experimental simulations of partial melting of different types of rock (including intermediate-acid rocks) and magma fractional crystallization at different temperatures and pressures, (2) the relationship between magma reservoir evolution and the formation of adakitic rocks, (3) the tectonic setting and petrogenesis of pre-Cenozoic adakitic rocks and related geodynamic processes, (4) interactions between slab melts and the mantle wedge, (5) the formation of Archean adakitic tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite and its link to the onset of plate tectonics and crustal growth, and (6) the relationship between the formation of adakitic rocks and metal mineralization in different tectonic settings.

29 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Segama Valley Felsic Intrusions (SVFI) of Sabah, north Borneo, shows them to be arc-derived tonalites; not windows or partial melts of a crystalline basement beneath Sabah as mentioned in this paper.

19 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Nyalau Formation (Biban sandstone Member and Upper Nyalua Member), Kakus Unit, and Merit-Pila Formation are divided into Oligocene to Lower Miocene sequences.

18 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...11 and 14) reported by Hennig-Breitfeld (2019)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the temperature of slab fluids indicate relatively hot conditions, and hint at a shallow and fast return path for ocean water, which is the case in many arc volcanism.
Abstract: Slab fluids drive mantle melting and return ocean water to the Earth's surface through arc volcanism. New ways of estimating the temperature of slab fluids indicate relatively hot conditions, and hint at a shallow and fast return path for ocean water.

211 citations


"Adakites without a slab: Remelting ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Thus, while it is reasonable to infer that subduction produced the hydrated, mafic rocks in the crust of Borneo from which the adakitic signature was derived, this required no more melting of a subducted slab than has been inferred to produce non-adakitic arc tholeiites and andesites (Macpherson et al., 2006; Plank et al., 2009; Bouilhol et al., 2015)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Rajang Group as discussed by the authors is composed of the Belaga and Lupar Formations of Sarawak and the Embaluh Group and Selangkai Formation (in part) in Kalimantan, and had a turbidite sedimentation history from Early Cretaceous to Late Eocene.
Abstract: Abstract The Rajang Group, composed of the Belaga and Lupar Formations of Sarawak and the Embaluh Group and Selangkai Formation (in part) in Kalimantan, had a turbidite sedimentation history from Early Cretaceous to Late Eocene. These rocks generally young northwards. Inliers within the eastern Miri Zone have been mapped as the Kelalan and Mulu Formations. The Rajang Group was compressed into a steeply dipping quartz-veined phyllite-quartzite complex by the Sarawak orogeny and unconformably overlain locally in the north by the Upper Eocene continental to neritic Tatau Formation, extensively in the south by Middle to Upper Eocene basal continental sequences of the Ketungau, Mandai and Melawi basins, and widely in the north by the Upper Oligocene coastal to marine Nyalau Formation. In Sabah and East Kalimantan, the Upper Cretaceous to Upper Eocene Mentarang, Sapulut, Trusmadi, and possibly the East Crocker Formations, also belong to the Rajang Group. The West Crocker Formation demonstrates rapid facies changes into the more shaly Temburong Formation, and was deposited as sandy turbidites throughout the Oligocene. To the south their equivalents are the nearshore Kelabit and Long Bawang Formations. The West Crocker Formation was folded and uplifted in several Miocene pulses, resulting in regional unconformities and igneous events at Mount Kinabalu. The West Crocker Formation has not been metamorphosed, and dips are shallower than in the Belaga and Trusmadi Formations. Its provenance probably was from the uplifted Upper Cretaceous to Eocene Lurah and Kelalan formations of NE Kalimantan and East Sarawak. It is therefore proposed that the West Crocker and Temburong formations be excluded from the Rajang Group. Middle to Late Miocene Crocker Formation uplift and deformation, herein called the Sabah orogeny, was synchronous with spectacular basin inversion throughout the South China Sea and in the Meratus Mountains of Kalimantan. Uplift ceased in the Late Miocene and undeformed post-inversion formations unconformably overlie inverted folded structures. The Rajang Group flysch-belt may be interpreted as a north-facing accretionary prism. The Schwaner Mountains represent a subduction-related Lower to Upper Cretaceous volcanoplutonic arc. Scattered Eocene volcanism, Miocene Sintang intrusives and Pliocene Metalung volcanics in Central Kalimantan and Sarawak post-date subduction. The Rajang Basin (Danau Sea) rapidly narrowed and by Eocene time subduction was transformed to collision as the Rajang Group was compressed between the Schwaner Mountain Zone and the Luconia-Balingian-Miri block. The Ketungau Basin is in sharp contact with the Rajang Group along the bounding Lupar Fault, which can be traced northwards into the East Natuna region. Palaeocurrents show that the Upper Eocene basal sandstones have a provenance in the metamorphosed Sibu Zone. The Melawi and Mandai basins of Kalimantan also unconformably overlie the flysch-belt. The basins are not forearc and were formed after transformation of the accretionary prism to a landmass formed of a collisional orogenic complex.

205 citations


"Adakites without a slab: Remelting ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...2) formed during Cretaceous subduction that ceased at around 90 to 80 Ma (Pieters and Sanyoto, 1993; Hutchison, 1996; Moss, 1998; Hall, 2012; Davies et al., 2014; Breitfeld et al., 2017; Hennig et al., 2017)....

    [...]

  • ...AC C EP TE D M AN U SC R IP T Hutchison (1996) introduced the term Sarawak Orogeny to explain a major tectonic change in NW Borneo in the Late Eocene, to which Prouteau et al. (2001) attributed the Sintang Suite magmatism, but recent studies have questioned the implied collisional event (Hall,…...

    [...]

Journal Article
TL;DR: Experimental melting studies were performed on a natural high-Al basalt and a synthetic average Archaean tholeiite (AAT) composition (0.3 wt.% K20) with variable amounts of H20 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Experimental melting studies were performed on a natural high-Al basalt and a synthetic average Archaean tholeiite (AAT) composition (0.3 wt.% K20) with variable amounts of H20. Microprobe analyses of quenched melts (glass) from mns at 5-30 kbar and 750"1100°C showed that typical Archaean tonalitic and trondhjemitic "grey gneiss" compositions were produced from the average Archaean tholeiite over the entire experimental range, with 15% to less than 1% H20. The high-Al basalt produced liquids too high in A1203 (18-23%) for realistic grey gneiss compositions. The persistent generation in our experiments of low-K calc-alkaline magmas directly by vapor-undersaturated partial melting of low-K Archaean tholeiite strongly suggests this mechanism for the origin of early continents. Temperatures of 850"-1000°C and pressures around 15 kbar are appropriate melting conditions. Tonalitic magmas are favored by higher temperatures, lower pressures, and higher H,O contents in the source. Trondhjemitic magmas are favored by lower temperatures, higher pressures, and lower H20 contents. Heavy REE depletion of magmas would be possible for partial melting above 15 kbar because of the stability at higher pressures of residual garnet. Unfractionated REE patterns of magmas could result from melting at lower pressures, where garnet does not coexist with liquid. The low-K trends of melts are maintained by very refractory amphibole (up to 0.7 wt. % KZO) which coexists with liquid for bulk H,O contents of 2 wt. % or more. Shallow subduction-zone melting of amphibolite with magma extraction, and partial melting of amphibolite under deep-cmstal metamorphic conditions are models for early crustal evolution which appear to satisfy the experimental constraints.

181 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is proposed that the Sulu Sea backarc basin formed by the Proto-South China Sea was subducted beneath northern Borneo during the Middle and Late Miocene.

149 citations


"Adakites without a slab: Remelting ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Geochemically similar rocks from Kalimantan and West Sarawak (Kirk, 1968; Williams and Harahap, 1987) are predominantly of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene age, and have been referred to as the Sintang Intrusives, the Sintang Intrusive Suite or the Sintang Suite (e.g. Doutch, 1992; Moss et al., 1998; Hutchison, 2005, 2010)....

    [...]

  • ...Early Miocene Sintang Suite associated with the Lupar fault trend is dominated by non-adakitic melts....

    [...]

  • ...Early tectonic models (e.g. Taylor and Hayes, 1983) suggested an Early Miocene collision in northern Borneo, from Sarawak to Sabah, but later work indicates that subduction beneath Sarawak west of the West Baram Line (Fig....

    [...]

  • ...Between the Late Eocene and Early Miocene, to the west of the West Baram Line, NW Borneo was an elevated region (Hall, 2013; Hennig-Breitfeld et al., 2019), and offshore and onshore Sarawak were extensive coastal and shelf areas (e.g. Hageman, 1987; Madon, 1999; Hassan et al., 2013)....

    [...]

  • ...The remainder are mainly Early Miocene (23 ages), with inherited zircons of Oligocene (33 ± 0.5 Ma), Cretaceous (66.6 ± 0.8 Ma and 100 ± 1 Ma), Triassic (216 to 240 Ma), Permian (271 ± 4 Ma) and Proterozoic (773 to 1911 Ma) age....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is now generally accepted that the core of Southeast (SE) Asia was assembled from continental blocks that separated from Gondwana in the Paleozoic and amalgamated with Asian blocks in the Triassic as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: It is now generally accepted that the core of Southeast (SE) Asia was assembled from continental blocks that separated from Gondwana in the Paleozoic and amalgamated with Asian blocks in the Triassic. Fragments of these Gondwana/Cathaysia blocks rifted and separated from Asia and later re-amalgamated with the SE Asian continental core. Mesozoic rifting of fragments from the Australian margins followed by Cretaceous collisions, and Cenozoic collision of Australia with the SE Asian margin added more continental crust. There can be no doubt that there is Australian crust in SE Asia, including Indonesia, but where this crust came from, and when it arrived, continues to promote discussion. Argoland has been variously identified in Tibet, West Burma, and Borneo. Other fragments supposed to have rifted from Australia are claimed to be in Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi and Sumba. The Banda region is the site of even more controversy because pieces of Australian crust are found in Sulawesi, the North Moluccas, the Banda ...

135 citations


"Adakites without a slab: Remelting ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...(2001) attributed the Sintang Suite magmatism, but recent studies have questioned the implied collisional event (Hall, 2012; Hall and Sevastjanova, 2012; Hall and Breitfeld, 2017; Hennig-Breitfeld et al., 2019)....

    [...]

  • ...2) formed during Cretaceous subduction that ceased at around 90 to 80 Ma (Pieters and Sanyoto, 1993; Hutchison, 1996; Moss, 1998; Hall, 2012; Davies et al., 2014; Breitfeld et al., 2017; Hennig et al., 2017)....

    [...]

  • ...…a major tectonic change in NW Borneo in the Late Eocene, to which Prouteau et al. (2001) attributed the Sintang Suite magmatism, but recent studies have questioned the implied collisional event (Hall, 2012; Hall and Sevastjanova, 2012; Hall and Breitfeld, 2017; Hennig-Breitfeld et al., 2019)....

    [...]