scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Book

Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources

01 Jan 1986-
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that scientific understanding will come from the experience of management as an ongoing, adaptive, and experimental process, rather than through basic research or the development of ecological theory.
Abstract: The author challenges the traditional approach to dealing with uncertainty in the management of such renewable resources as fish and wildlife. He argues that scientific understanding will come from the experience of management as an ongoing, adaptive, and experimental process, rather than through basic research or the development of ecological theory. The opening chapters review approaches to formulating management objectives as well as models for understanding how policy choices affect the attainment of these objectives. Subsequent chapters present various statistical methods for understanding the dynamics of uncertainty in managed fish and wildlife populations and for seeking optimum harvest policies in the face of uncertainty. The book concludes with a look at prospects for adaptive management of complex systems, emphasizing such human factors involved in decision making as risk aversion and conflicting objectives as well as biophysical factors. Throughout the text dynamic models and Bayesian statistical theory are used as tools for understanding the behavior of managed systems. These tools are illustrated with simple graphs and plots of data from representative cases. This text/reference will serve researchers, graduate students, and resource managers who formulate harvest policies and study the dynamics of harvest populations, as well as analysts (modelers, statisticians, and stock assessment experts) who are concerned with the practice of policy design.
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Mark as discussed by the authors provides parameter estimates from marked animals when they are re-encountered at a later time as dead recoveries, or live recaptures or re-sightings.
Abstract: MARK provides parameter estimates from marked animals when they are re-encountered at a later time as dead recoveries, or live recaptures or re-sightings. The time intervals between re-encounters do not have to be equal. More than one attribute group of animals can be modelled. The basic input to MARK is the encounter history for each animal. MARK can also estimate the size of closed populations. Parameters can be constrained to be the same across re-encounter occasions, or by age, or group, using the parameter index matrix. A set of common models for initial screening of data are provided. Time effects, group effects, time x group effects and a null model of none of the above, are provided for each parameter. Besides the logit function to link the design matrix to the parameters of the model, other link functions include the log—log, complimentary log—log, sine, log, and identity. The estimates of model parameters are computed via numerical maximum likelihood techniques. The number of parameters that are...

7,128 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The resilience perspective is increasingly used as an approach for understanding the dynamics of social-ecological systems as mentioned in this paper, which emphasizes non-linear dynamics, thresholds, uncertainty and surprise, how periods of gradual change interplay with periods of rapid change and how such dynamics interact across temporal and spatial scales.
Abstract: The resilience perspective is increasingly used as an approach for understanding the dynamics of social–ecological systems. This article presents the origin of the resilience perspective and provides an overview of its development to date. With roots in one branch of ecology and the discovery of multiple basins of attraction in ecosystems in the 1960–1970s, it inspired social and environmental scientists to challenge the dominant stable equilibrium view. The resilience approach emphasizes non-linear dynamics, thresholds, uncertainty and surprise, how periods of gradual change interplay with periods of rapid change and how such dynamics interact across temporal and spatial scales. The history was dominated by empirical observations of ecosystem dynamics interpreted in mathematical models, developing into the adaptive management approach for responding to ecosystem change. Serious attempts to integrate the social dimension is currently taking place in resilience work reflected in the large numbers of sciences involved in explorative studies and new discoveries of linked social–ecological systems. Recent advances include understanding of social processes like, social learning and social memory, mental models and knowledge–system integration, visioning and scenario building, leadership, agents and actor groups, social networks, institutional and organizational inertia and change, adaptive capacity, transformability and systems of adaptive governance that allow for management of essential ecosystem services.

4,899 citations


Cites background from "Adaptive Management of Renewable Re..."

  • ..., 1989), freshwater systems (Fiering, 1982) and fisheries (Walters, 1986)....

    [...]

  • ...…dynamics of North America (Holling, 1978; Ludwig et al., 1978), and from the Great Lakes groups (Regier and Kay, 2002), followed by examples from the dynamics and management of rangelands (Walker et al., 1981; Westoby et al., 1989), freshwater systems (Fiering, 1982) and fisheries (Walters, 1986)....

    [...]

  • ...This process developed an integrative sense of the systems by using a sequence of workshop techniques for scientists and policy people to develop explanatory models and suggestive policies (Holling and Chambers, 1973; Holling, 1978; Clark et al., 1979; Walters, 1986)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare resilience properties in two contrasting socioecological systems, lake districts and rangelands, with respect to the following three general features: (a) the ability of an SES to stay in the domain of attraction is related to slowly changing variables, or slowly changing disturbance regimes, which control the boundaries of the area of attraction or the frequency of events that could push the system across the boundaries.
Abstract: Resilience is the magnitude of disturbance that can be tolerated before a socioecological system (SES) moves to a different region of state space controlled by a different set of processes. Resilience has multiple levels of meaning: as a metaphor related to sustainability, as a property of dynamic models, and as a measurable quantity that can be assessed in field studies of SES. The operational indicators of resilience have, however, received little attention in the literature. To assess a system's resilience, one must specify which system configuration and which disturbances are of interest. This paper compares resilience properties in two contrasting SES, lake districts and rangelands, with respect to the following three general features: (a) The ability of an SES to stay in the domain of attraction is related to slowly changing variables, or slowly changing disturbance regimes, which control the boundaries of the domain of attraction or the frequency of events that could push the system across the boundaries. Examples are soil phosphorus content in lake districts woody vegetation cover in rangelands, and property rights systems that affect land use in both lake districts and rangelands. (b) The ability of an SES to self-organize is related to the extent to which reorganization is endogenous rather than forced by external drivers. Self-organization is enhanced by coevolved ecosystem components and the presence of social networks that facilitate innovative problem solving. (c) The adaptive capacity of an SES is related to the existence of mechanisms for the evolution of novelty or learning. Examples include biodiversity at multiple scales and the existence of institutions that facilitate experimentation, discovery, and innovation.

3,090 citations


Cites background from "Adaptive Management of Renewable Re..."

  • ...Does the system return to the configuration from which it was displaced? Or does it move into another configuration? In modeling these processes, it is sometimes convenient to fix the slow variables by treating them as parameters (Rinaldi and Scheffer 2000) and then analyze quasi-steady states as in Figures 1 and 3. Walters (1986) cautions us to remember that such parameters are not truly fixed, but are in fact slowly changing and are ......

    [...]

  • ...Walters (1986) cautions us to remember that such parameters are not truly fixed, but are in fact slowly changing and are subject to alteration by policy choice....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The concept of resilience—the capacity to buffer change, learn and develop—is used as a framework for understanding how to sustain and enhance adaptive capacity in a complex world of rapid transformations.
Abstract: Emerging recognition of two fundamental errors under-pinning past polices for natural resource issues heralds awareness of the need for a worldwide fundamental change in thinking and in practice of environmental management. The first error has been an implicit assumption that ecosystem responses to human use are linear, predictable and controllable. The second has been an assumption that human and natural systems can be treated independently. However, evidence that has been accumulating in diverse regions all over the world suggests that natural and social systems behave in nonlinear ways, exhibit marked thresholds in their dynamics, and that social-ecological systems act as strongly coupled, complex and evolving integrated systems. This article is a summary of a report prepared on behalf of the Environmental Advisory Council to the Swedish Government, as input to the process of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa in 26 August 4 September 2002. We use the concept of resilience—the capacity to buffer change, learn and develop—as a framework for understanding how to sustain and enhance adaptive capacity in a complex world of rapid transformations. Two useful tools for resilience-building in social-ecological systems are structured scenarios and active adaptive management. These tools require and facilitate a social context with flexible and open institutions and multi-level governance systems that allow for learning and increase adaptive capacity without foreclosing future development options.

2,905 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Elinor Ostrom1
TL;DR: The articles in this special feature challenge the presumption that scholars can make simple, predictive models of social–ecological systems (SESs) and deduce universal solutions, panaceas, to problems of overuse or destruction of resources.
Abstract: The articles in this special feature challenge the presumption that scholars can make simple, predictive models of social–ecological systems (SESs) and deduce universal solutions, panaceas, to problems of overuse or destruction of resources. Moving beyond panaceas to develop cumulative capacities to diagnose the problems and potentialities of linked SESs requires serious study of complex, multivariable, nonlinear, cross-scale, and changing systems. Many variables have been identified by researchers as affecting the patterns of interactions and outcomes observed in empirical studies of SESs. A step toward developing a diagnostic method is taken by organizing these variables in a nested, multitier framework. The framework enables scholars to organize analyses of how attributes of (i) a resource system (e.g., fishery, lake, grazing area), (ii) the resource units generated by that system (e.g., fish, water, fodder), (iii) the users of that system, and (iv) the governance system jointly affect and are indirectly affected by interactions and resulting outcomes achieved at a particular time and place. The framework also enables us to organize how these attributes may affect and be affected by larger socioeconomic, political, and ecological settings in which they are embedded, as well as smaller ones. The framework is intended to be a step toward building a strong interdisciplinary science of complex, multilevel systems that will enable future diagnosticians to match governance arrangements to specific problems embedded in a social–ecological context.

2,368 citations


Cites background from "Adaptive Management of Renewable Re..."

  • ...advice is similar to that of Walters (1986, 1997) and the emphasis on adaptive management in...

    [...]

References
More filters
Book
30 Jun 1993
TL;DR: Pitcher and Pauly as mentioned in this paper used a simple theory of fishing, illustrated by analysis of a trawl factoy, to give the annual yield in weight from a fishery in a steady state.
Abstract: Series foreword AJ Pitcher Foreword D Pauly Part One: Fundamentals of the theory of fishing, illustrated by analysis of a trawl factoy Introduction:- theoretical methods in the study of fishery dynamics The basis of a theoretical model of an exploited fish population and definition of the primary factors Mathematical representation of the four primary factors Recruitment Natural mortality Fishing mortality Growth A simple model giving the annual yield in weight from a fishery in a steady state Adaptation of the simple model to give other characteristics of the catch and population Part Two: Some extensions of the simple theory of fishing Recruitment and egg-production Natural mortality Fishing mortality and effort Growth and feeding Spatial variation in the values of parameters movement of fish within the exploited area Mixed populations:- the analysis of community dynamics Part Three: Estimation of parameters Relative fishing power of vessels and standardisation of commercial statistics of fishing effort Estimation of the total mortality coefficient (F + M), and the maximum age, t* Seperate estimation of fishing and natural mortality coefficients Recruitment and egg-production Growth and feeding Part Four: The use of theoretical models in a study of the dynamics and reaction to exploitation of fish populations Application of population models of part one Application of population models of part two Principles and methods of fishery regulation Requirements for the regulation of the North Sea Demersal fisheries Appendices Bibliography and author index Subject index List of amendments compiled by the American Fisheries Society

4,489 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Plotting net reproduction (reproductive potential of the adults obtained) against the density of stock which produced them, for a number of fish and invertebrate populations, gives a domed curve whose apex lies above the line representing replacement reproduction.
Abstract: Plotting net reproduction (reproductive potential of the adults obtained) against the density of stock which produced them, for a number of fish and invertebrate populations, gives a domed curve wh...

3,037 citations


"Adaptive Management of Renewable Re..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Ricker (1973b) has shown, for example, that as a fishery develops on a collection of stocks such as salmon, the "a" parameter of his stock-recruitment model...

    [...]

  • ...A detailed analysis of the Ricker stock-recruitment model with two unknown parameters [a and b in R, = S,-1 exp (a - bS'_1 + w,), U, !E S,j has been carried out using the wide-sense algorithm by Smith (1979) and Smith and WaIters (1981)....

    [...]

  • ...A detailed analysis of the Ricker stock-recruitment model with two unknown parameters [a and b in R, = S,-1 exp (a - bS'_1 + w,), U, !E S,j has been carried out using the wide-sense algorithm by Smith (1979) and Smith and WaIters (1981). For this case the extended state description is x; = (R" a, b)....

    [...]

  • ...correlated random variables, such as Ricker's (1973a) GM regression....

    [...]

  • ...The two most common examples are the "Ricker model" (Ricker, 1954), where h(S) = e-Ps , and the Beverton-Holt model (Beverton and Holt, 1957), where h(S) = 1/(1 + as/{3j....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a model for renewable-resource harvesting based on the Schaefer model with a focus on the one-dimensional control problem and its application to policy problems.
Abstract: Introduction. 1. Elementary Dynamics of Exploited Populations. 1.1 The Logistic Growth Model. 1.2 Generalized Logistic Models: Depensation. 1.3 Summary and Critique. 2. Economic Models of Renewable-Resource Harvesting. 2.1 The Open-Access Fishery. 2.2 Economic Overfishing. 2.3 Biological Overfishing. 2.4 Optimal Fishery Management. 2.5 The Optimal Harvest Policy. 2.6 Examples Based on the Schaefer Model. 2.7 Linear Variational Problems. 2.8 The Possibility of Extinction. 2.9 Summary and Critique. 3. Capital-Theoretic Aspects of Resource Management. 3.1 Interest and Discount Rates. 3.2 Capital Theory and Renewable Resources. 3.3 Nonautonomous Models. 3.4 Applications to Policy Problems: Labor Mobility in the Fishery. 4. Optimal Control Theory. 4.1 One-Dimensional Control Problems. 4.2 A Nonlinear Fishery Model. 4.3 Economic Interpretation of the Maximum Principle. 4.4 Multidimensional Optimal Control Problem. 4.5 Optimal Investment in Renewable-Resource Harvesting. 5. Supply and Demand: Nonlinear Models. 5.1 The Elementary Theory of Supply and Demand. 5.2 Supply and Demand in Fisheries. 5.3 Nonlinear Cost Effects: Pulse Fishing. 5.4 Game-Theoretic Models. 5.5 Transboundary Fishery Resources: A Further Application of the Theory. 5.6 Summary and Critique. 6. Dynamical Systems. 6.1 Basic Theory. 6.2 Dynamical Systems in the Plane: Linear Theory. 6.3 Isoclines. 6.4 Nonlinear Plane-Autonomous Systems. 6.5 Limit Cycles. 6.6 Gause's Model of Interspecific Competition. 7. Discrete-Time and Metered Models. 7.1 A General Metered Stock-Recruitment Model. 7.2 The Beverton-Holt Stock-Recruitment Model. 7.3 Depensation Models. 7.4 Overcompensation. 7.5 A Simple Cohort Model. 7.6 The Production Function of a Fishery. 7.7 Optimal Harvest Policies. 7.8 The Discrete Maximum Principle. 7.9 Dynamic Programming. 8. The Theory of Resource Regulation. 8.1 A Behavioral Model. 8.2 Optimization Analysis. 8.3 Limited Entry. 8.4 Taxes and Allocated Transferable Quotas. 8.5 Total Catch Quotas. 8.6 Summary and Critique. 9. Growth and Aging. 9.1 Forestry Management: The Faustmann Model. 9.2 The Beverton-Holt Fisheries Model. 9.3 Dynamic Optimization in the Beverton-Holt Model. 9.4 The Case of Bounded F. 9.5 Multiple, Cohorts: Nonselective Gear. 9.6 Pulse Fishing. 9.7 Multiple Cohorts: Selective Gear. 9.8 Regulation. 9.9 Summary and Critique. 10. Multispecies Models. 10.1 Differential Productivity. 10.2 Harvesting Competing Populations. 10.3 Selective Harvesting. 10.4 A Diffusion Model: The Inshore-Offshore Fishery. 10.5 Summary and Critique. 11. Stochastic Resource Models. 11.1 Stochastic Dynamic Programming. 11.2 A Stochastic Forest Rotation Model. 11.3 Uncertainty and Learning. 11.4 Searching for Fish. 11.5 Summary and Critique. Supplementary Reading. References. Index.

2,744 citations


"Adaptive Management of Renewable Re..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The second is the economic behavior of resource users even when the resource is held "in the commons" (public ownership); this behavior can result in harvesting cycles or "bionomic equilibrium" (Clark, 1976) where it does not pay the resource users to destroy the resource completely....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A compilation of values for the exponential coefficient of natural mortality (M) is given for 175 different stocks of fish distributed in 84 species, both freshwater and marine, and ranging from polar to tropical waters as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A compilation of values for the exponential coefficient of natural mortality (M) is given for 175 different stocks of fish distributed in 84 species, hath freshwater and marine, and ranging from polar to tropical waters. Values of Loo(LT, em), W\",,(g, fresh weight), K (l/year) and T (ec, mean annual water temperature) were attributed to each value of M, and the 175 sets of values plotted such that:

2,649 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These are my lecture notes from CS681: Design and Analysis of Algo rithms, a one-semester graduate course I taught at Cornell for three consec utive fall semesters from '88 to.
Abstract: These are my lecture notes from CS681: Design and Analysis of Algo rithms, a one-semester graduate course I taught at Cornell for three consec utive fall semesters from '88 to.

2,274 citations


"Adaptive Management of Renewable Re..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Reflect for a moment on the title of this section, which I lifted verbatim from Holling (1978). What do we mean when we say we "understand" something? Is it just that we can predict how the thing will behave? I think...

    [...]

  • ...Jester (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, personal communication) has used experimental components analysis (Holling, 1965) of their attack behaviors to derive the following approximate survival model:...

    [...]

  • ...Much of the lecture material is presented in this book and in Holling (1978). The miniworkshops take real cases of interest to the agency sponsoring the training, and go through all the workshop steps outlined above with a sympathetic participant group (usually personnel from the sponsoring agency)....

    [...]

  • ...A third approach to trophic interactions has been to start with a careful "experimental components" (Holling, 1965) analysis of the functional...

    [...]

  • ...type III or sigmoid functional response to prey density (Holling, 1965; Peterman, 1977)....

    [...]