Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Algorithm for Wind Energy Conversion Systems
TL;DR: In this paper, an adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm was proposed for small-scale wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) to harvest more energy from turbulent wind.
Abstract: This paper presents an adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for small-scale wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) to harvest more energy from turbulent wind. The proposed algorithm combines the computational behavior of hill climb search, tip speed ratio, and power signal feedback control algorithms for its adaptability over wide range of WECSs and fast tracking of maximum power point. In this paper, the proposed MPPT algorithm is implemented by using buck–boost featured single-ended primary inductor converter to extract maximum power from full range of wind velocity profile. Evaluation of the proposed algorithm is done on a laboratory-scaled dc motor drive-based WECS emulator. TMS320F28335, 32-bit floating point digital signal controller, is used to execute the control schemes of the in-lab experimental setup. Experimental results show that tracking capability of the proposed algorithm under sudden and gradual fluctuating wind conditions is efficient and effective.
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TL;DR: This article offers a concise review of the state of the art MPPT algorithms with critical analysis to improve the ability to choose the appropriate algorithm for a specific application and to offer an appropriate reference for research trends in P&OMPPT algorithms.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new structure is proposed for non-isolated boost dc-dc converters using voltage-lift technique, which is achieved step-to-step by a simple structure.
Abstract: In this study, a new structure is proposed for non-isolated boost dc-dc converters using voltage-lift technique. The increasing voltage gain in the proposed converter is achieved step-to-step by a simple structure. In the proposed converter, there is a direct connection to an inductor in input side which provides free current ripple for the input source. Here, the proposed converter performance analysis and their relations are presented in continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode as well as voltage gain equations for each mode in detail. Then, switching current stress equations in each mode and critical inductance equations are extracted for design considerations. Finally, the carried theoretical analysis and satisfying operation of the proposed converter are verified via experimental results of laboratory prototype.
63 citations
TL;DR: This study provides an overview of the different techno-commercial aspects of a wind energy conversion system and provides the challenges of the prevailing technology along with the already available and possible ways of minimising these technological gaps.
Abstract: This study provides an overview of the different techno-commercial aspects of a wind energy conversion system. The review includes the grid codes provided by the transmission system operator of different countries supplemented by various communication protocols, explanation of different types of conventional and advanced wind generators, discussions on different maximum power point algorithms along with various conventional and advanced pitch angle control systems. The study also describes a variable speed system using different types of power electronic converters at the generator and the grid side to maintain power quality, grid synchronisation and unity power factor operation along with various cooling techniques utilised. In a subsequent part, a clear overview of different control topologies such as field-oriented control, direct torque control, voltage-oriented control and direct power control has been provided along with the recent advancement of each and every topology. The study also provides the challenges of the prevailing technology along with the already available and possible ways of minimising these technological gaps. Finally, a techno-commercial comparison of different commercially available wind systems by different companies has been presented along with their market share based on the current scenario.
36 citations
TL;DR: The proposed drift-free perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a self-excited induction generator-based stand-alone wind energy generation system (WEGS) has a good tracking response and higher efficiency compared to conventional P&O.
Abstract: This article proposes a drift-free perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a self-excited induction generator-based stand-alone wind energy generation system (WEGS). Conventional P&O algorithm gives more steady-state oscillation and fails to detect correct direction during wind speed increase condition. To avoid this, the proposed algorithm uses additional dc-link current information for the steady-state and transient conditions, which also decreases the power oscillation around maximum power point (MPP). During sudden wind speed change, the tracking speed of the algorithm increases considerably, and depending on sign of change in dc-link current, it perturbs in the right direction without drift. Corresponding theoretical analysis confirms that only in speed increase condition, the change in dc-link current sign is positive. To validate this algorithm, a laboratory prototype of the stand-alone WEGS is developed and implemented in DS1103 digital platform. The performance of the proposed technique is compared with both conventional speed sensor-based and speed sensorless algorithms. The proposed algorithm does not require any extra sensor to observe wind speed change and has a good tracking response and higher efficiency compared to conventional P&O.
35 citations
Cites background from "Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracki..."
...Common types of speed sensorbased MPPT algorithms are as follows: tip speed ratio control (TSR) [7], wind speed-based perturb and observe (P&O) algorithms [8], speed-power characteristics-based P&O [9], and optimum relation-based (ORB) algorithm[10]–[13]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, an overall power control strategy is proposed for control of a fixed-pitch small-scale wind energy conversion system operating at both underrated and overrated wind speeds, and the optimal reference torque is generated without the need of wind speed sensors through a robust variable structure observer with the aim of maximum power point tracking.
Abstract: In this paper, an overall power control strategy is proposed for control of a fixed-pitch small-scale wind energy conversion system operating at both underrated and overrated wind speeds. At underrated wind speeds, the dynamical behavior of the rotor is considered, and the optimal reference torque is generated without the need of wind speed sensors through a robust variable structure observer with the aim of maximum power point tracking. At overrated wind speed, the flux-weakening strategy is invoked to let the machine exploit maximum electrical torque under given current and voltage constraints. As a new approach, the optimal reference flux magnitude together with a reference torque angle is provided by online numerically solving an optimization problem in the whole wind speed range. Moreover, a space-vector-modulation -based direct torque control (SVM-DTC) is used to track the provided references for flux magnitude and torque angle. In particular, the SVM-DTC is composed of a reference voltage vector calculator providing a desired voltage vector. The effectiveness of the proposed overall power control strategy is verified not only by applying the strategy to a commercial 10-kW wind turbine simulated in MATLAB/Simulink, but also by experimental results derived from a developed laboratory setup.
33 citations
Cites background from "Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracki..."
...While the MPPT problem has been studied in depth [7]–[12], a few works have been reported on the development of an overall control strategy, which is applicable to both Region I and Region II [5], [6], [13]–[20]....
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References
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Book•
31 Jul 1997
TL;DR: Converters in Equilibrium, Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency, and Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems.
Abstract: Preface. 1. Introduction. I: Converters in Equilibrium. 2. Principles of Steady State Converter Analysis. 3. Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency. 4. Switch Realization. 5. The Discontinuous Conduction Mode. 6. Converter Circuits. II: Converter Dynamics and Control. 7. AC Equivalent Circuit Modeling. 8. Converter Transfer Functions. 9. Controller Design. 10. Input Filter Design. 11. AC and DC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of the Discontinuous Conduction Mode. 12. Current Programmed Control. III: Magnetics. 13. Basic Magnetics Theory. 14. Inductor Design. 15. Transformer Design. IV: Modern Rectifiers and Power System Harmonics. 16. Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems. 17. Line-Commutated Rectifiers. 18. Pulse-Width Modulated Rectifiers. V: Resonant Converters. 19. Resonant Conversion. 20. Soft Switching. Appendices: A. RMS Values of Commonly-Observed Converter Waveforms. B. Simulation of Converters. C. Middlebrook's Extra Element Theorem. D. Magnetics Design Tables. Index.
6,136 citations
"Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracki..." refers methods in this paper
...In this work to develop a suitable controller, state-space averaging method [25] is used for small-signal modeling of the SEPIC converter....
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Book•
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: This well-respected, market-leading text discusses the use of digital computers in the real-time control of dynamic systems and thoroughly integrates MATLAB statements and problems to offer readers a complete design picture.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
This well-respected, market-leading text discusses the use of digital computers in the real-time control of dynamic systems The emphasis is on the design of digital controls that achieve good dynamic response and small errors while using signals that are sampled in time and quantized in amplitude Both classical and modern control methods are described and applied to illustrative examples The strengths and limitations of each method are explored to help the reader develop solid designs with the least effort Two new chapters have been added to the third edition offering a review of feedback control systems and an overview of digital control systems Updated to be fully compatible with MATLAB versions 4 and 5, the text thoroughly integrates MATLAB statements and problems to offer readers a complete design picture The new edition contains up-to-date material on state-space design and twice as many end-of-chapter problems to give students more opportunities to practice the material
3,756 citations
"Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracki..." refers methods in this paper
...While transforming into discretetime domain by using matched pole-zero method [29], sampling...
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TL;DR: In this article, the operation and control of a variable-speed wind generator is described, which is connected to the power network by means of a fully controlled frequency converter, which consists of a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifier, an intermediate dc circuit, and a PWM inverter.
Abstract: Wind energy is a prominent area of application of variable-speed generators operating on the constant grid frequency. This paper describes the operation and control of one of these variable-speed wind generators: the direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). This generator is connected to the power network by means of a fully controlled frequency converter, which consists of a pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) rectifier, an intermediate dc circuit, and a PWM inverter. The generator is controlled to obtain maximum power from the incident wind with maximum efficiency under different load conditions. Vector control of the grid-side inverter allows power factor regulation of the windmill. This paper shows the dynamic performance of the complete system. Different experimental tests in a 3-kW prototype have been carried out to verify the benefits of the proposed system.
1,298 citations
"Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracki..." refers methods in this paper
...In PSF control method, wind turbine operates at optimal operating point by using the prior knowledge of turbine’s maximum power curve [7]–[10]....
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TL;DR: Experimental results of the proposed MPPT system indicate near-optimal WG output power, increased by 11%-50% compared to a WG directly connected via a rectifier to the battery bank, and better exploitation of the available wind energy is achieved, especially under low wind speeds.
Abstract: A wind-generator (WG) maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) system is presented, consisting of a high-efficiency buck-type dc/dc converter and a microcontroller-based control unit running the MPPT function. The advantages of the proposed MPPT method are that no knowledge of the WG optimal power characteristic or measurement of the wind speed is required and the WG operates at a variable speed. Thus, the system features higher reliability, lower complexity and cost, and less mechanical stress of the WG. Experimental results of the proposed system indicate near-optimal WG output power, increased by 11%-50% compared to a WG directly connected via a rectifier to the battery bank. Thus, better exploitation of the available wind energy is achieved, especially under low wind speeds.
907 citations
"Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracki..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In HCS control method, an arbitrary small perturbation is given to one of the independent variables of the system and next perturbation is decided based on the changes in output power due to preceding perturbation [11], [12]....
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...Applying the chain rule [11], (12) can be written as follows,...
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Book•
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the papers given at a workshop on wind turbines, including aerodynamics, load conditions, Darrieus rotors, composite materials, turbine blades, fabrication, fiberglass, vibrations, wind power plants, control systems, data acquisition systems, performance testing, horizontal axis turbines, vertical axis turbines.
Abstract: This book presents the papers given at a workshop on wind turbines. Topics considered at the workshop included aerodynamics, load conditions, Darrieus rotors, composite materials, turbine blades, fabrication, fiberglass, vibrations, wind power plants, control systems, data acquisition systems, performance testing, horizontal axis turbines, vertical axis turbines, tornado turbines, electric generators, and wind turbine arrays.
610 citations
Additional excerpts
...Mechanical output power Pm extracted from wind by the wind turbine and corresponding torque Tm imparted onto WG can be modeled as [20],...
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