Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks
01 Aug 1999-pp 174-185
TL;DR: It is found that the SPIN protocols can deliver 60% more data for a given amount of energy than conventional approaches, and that, in terms of dissemination rate and energy usage, the SPlN protocols perform close to the theoretical optimum.
Abstract: In this paper, we present a family of adaptive protocols, called SPIN (Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation), that efficiently disseminates information among sensors in an energy-constrained wireless sensor network. Nodes running a SPIN communication protocol name their data using high-level data descriptors, called meta-data. They use meta-data negotiations to eliminate the transmission of redundant data throughout the network. In addition, SPIN nodes can base their communication decisions both upon application-specific knowledge of the data and upon knowledge of the resources that are available to them. This allows the sensors to efficiently distribute data given a limited energy supply. We simulate and analyze the performance of two specific SPIN protocols, comparing them to other possible approaches and a theoretically optimal protocol. We find that the SPIN protocols can deliver 60% more data for a given amount of energy than conventional approaches. We also find that, in terms of dissemination rate and energy usage, the SPlN protocols perform close to the theoretical optimum.
Citations
More filters
01 Jul 2001
112 citations
TL;DR: The most recent energy-efficient data routing approaches are reviewed and categorized based on their aims and methodologies and a new emerging energy harvesting technology that uses piezoelectric nanogenerators to supply power to nanosensor is presented.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a collection of several small and inexpensive battery-powered nodes, commonly used to monitor regions of interests and to collect data from the environment. Several issues exist in routing data packets through WSN, but the most crucial problem is energy. There are a number of routing approaches in WSNs that address the issue of energy by the use of different energy-efficient methods. This paper, presents a brief summary of routing and related issues in WSNs. The most recent energy-efficient data routing approaches are reviewed and categorized based on their aims and methodologies. The traditional battery based energy sources for sensor nodes and the conventional energy harvesting mechanisms that are widely used to in energy replenishment in WSN are reviewed. Then a new emerging energy harvesting technology that uses piezoelectric nanogenerators to supply power to nanosensor; the type of sensors that cannot be charged by conventional energy harvesters are explained. The energy consumption reduction routing strategies in WSN are also discussed. Furthermore, comparisons of the variety of energy harvesting mechanisms and battery power routing protocols that have been discussed are presented, eliciting their advantages, disadvantages and their specific feature. Finally, a highlight of the challenges and future works in this research domain is presented.
112 citations
Cites background from "Adaptive protocols for information ..."
...These include: ad hoc deployment [52, 76, 122], energy consumption [27, 30, 32, 54, 55, 130], computation capabilities, communication range, fault tolerance [14, 17, 50, 60, 65, 94, 109], scalability [40, 107], hardware constraints [19], transmission media [41, 111], connectivity [57, 132] and quality of service (QoS) [36, 37, 86]....
[...]
...In this work, the reviewed routing approaches in the literature are compared according to their features and selected working factors that are effective in data routing strategies such as mobility [23, 39, 75, 103, 117, 118, 121, 128], number of sinks [51, 52, 77, 124] and data aggregation [36, 69, 123]....
[...]
TL;DR: The classification presented here summarizes the main features of many published proposals in the literature for efficient routing in MWSN and also gives an insight into the enhancements that can be done to improve the existing routing protocols.
Abstract: The Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN) is an emerging technology with significant applications. The MWSN allows the sensor nodes to move freely and they are able to communicate with each other without the need for a fixed infrastructure. These networks are capable of out-performing static wireless sensor networks as they tend to increase the network lifetime, reduce the power consumption, provide more channel capacity and perform better targeting. Usually routing process in a mobile network is very complex and it becomes even more complicated in MWSN as the sensor nodes are low power, cost effective mobile devices with minimum resources. Recent research works have led to the design of many efficient routing protocols for MWSN but still there are many unresolved problems like retaining the network connectivity, reducing the energy cost, maintaining adequate sensing coverage etc. This paper addresses the various issues in routing and presents the state of the art routing protocols in MWSN. The routing protocols are categorized based on their network structure, state of information, energy efficiency and mobility. The classification presented here summarizes the main features of many published proposals in the literature for efficient routing in MWSN and also gives an insight into the enhancements that can be done to improve the existing routing protocols.
112 citations
TL;DR: It is proved that the convergence time of two heuristic algorithms is finite with probability one, an upper-bound on their mean convergence time is derived, and they exhibit a bound on their convergence time dispersion.
Abstract: In this paper, we address the problem of estimating the maximal value over a sensor network using wireless links between them. We introduce two heuristic algorithms and analyze their theoretical performance. More precisely, i) we prove that their convergence time is finite with probability one, ii) we derive an upper-bound on their mean convergence time, and iii) we exhibit a bound on their convergence time dispersion.
112 citations
Cites background from "Adaptive protocols for information ..."
...All other papers dealing with rumor spreading ([13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]) focus on pairwise communication and so does not take advantage of the broadcasting nature of the channel....
[...]
TL;DR: A Velocity Energy-efficient and Link-aware Cluster-Tree (VELCT) scheme for data collection in WSNs is proposed which would effectively mitigate the problems of coverage distance, mobility, delay, traffic, tree intensity, and end-to-end connection.
Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a vital role in today’s real world applications. The effectiveness of WSNs purely depends on the data collection scheme. Numerous data collection schemes such as multipath, chain, tree, cluster and hybrid topologies are available in literature for collecting data in WSNs. However, the existing data collection schemes fail to provide a guaranteed reliable network in terms of mobility, traffic, and end-to-end connection. In this paper, a Velocity Energy-efficient and Link-aware Cluster-Tree (VELCT) scheme for data collection in WSNs is proposed which would effectively mitigate the problems of coverage distance, mobility, delay, traffic, tree intensity, and end-to-end connection. The proposed VELCT constructs the Data Collection Tree (DCT) based on the cluster head location. The data collection node in the DCT does not participate in sensing on this particular round, however, it simply collects the data packet from the cluster head and delivers it to the sink. The designed VELCT scheme minimizes the energy exploitation, reduces the end-to-end delay and traffic in cluster head in WSNs by effective usage of the DCT. The strength of the VELCT algorithm is to construct a simple tree structure, thereby reducing the energy consumption of the cluster head and avoids frequent cluster formation. It also maintains the cluster for a considerable amount of time. Simulation results have demonstrated that VELCT provides better QoS in terms of energy consumption, throughput, end-to-end delay, and network lifetime for mobility-based WSNs.
111 citations
Cites background from "Adaptive protocols for information ..."
...[7] developed SPIN (Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation), to resolve the issues of flooding, overlapping of sensing areas and resource blindness....
[...]
References
More filters
01 Oct 1994
TL;DR: The modifications address some of the previous objections to the use of Bellman-Ford, related to the poor looping properties of such algorithms in the face of broken links and the resulting time dependent nature of the interconnection topology describing the links between the Mobile hosts.
Abstract: An ad-hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of Mobile Hosts without the required intervention of any centralized Access Point. In this paper we present an innovative design for the operation of such ad-hoc networks. The basic idea of the design is to operate each Mobile Host as a specialized router, which periodically advertises its view of the interconnection topology with other Mobile Hosts within the network. This amounts to a new sort of routing protocol. We have investigated modifications to the basic Bellman-Ford routing mechanisms, as specified by RIP [5], to make it suitable for a dynamic and self-starting network mechanism as is required by users wishing to utilize ad hoc networks. Our modifications address some of the previous objections to the use of Bellman-Ford, related to the poor looping properties of such algorithms in the face of broken links and the resulting time dependent nature of the interconnection topology describing the links between the Mobile Hosts. Finally, we describe the ways in which the basic network-layer routing can be modified to provide MAC-layer support for ad-hoc networks.
6,877 citations
25 Oct 1998
TL;DR: The results of a derailed packet-levelsimulationcomparing fourmulti-hopwirelessad hoc networkroutingprotocols, which cover a range of designchoices: DSDV,TORA, DSR and AODV are presented.
Abstract: An ad hoc networkis a collwtion of wirelessmobilenodes dynamically forminga temporarynetworkwithouttheuseof anyexistingnetworkirrfrastructureor centralizedadministration.Dueto the limitedtransmissionrange of ~vlrelessnenvorkinterfaces,multiplenetwork“hops”maybe neededfor onenodeto exchangedata ivithanotheracrox thenetwork.Inrecentyears, a ttiery of nelvroutingprotocols~geted specificallyat this environment havebeen developed.but little pcrfomrartwinformationon mch protocol and no ralistic performancecomparisonbehvwrrthem ISavailable. ~Is paper presentsthe results of a derailedpacket-levelsimulationcomparing fourmulti-hopwirelessad hoc networkroutingprotocolsthatcovera range of designchoices: DSDV,TORA, DSR and AODV. \Vehave extended the /~r-2networksimulatorto accuratelymodelthe MACandphysical-layer behaviorof the IEEE 802.1I wirelessLANstandard,includinga realistic wtrelesstransmissionchannelmodel, and present the resultsof simulations of net(vorksof 50 mobilenodes.
5,147 citations
"Adaptive protocols for information ..." refers background in this paper
...Recently, mobile ad hoc routing protocols have become an active area of research [3, 10, 16, 18, 22]....
[...]
09 Apr 1997
TL;DR: The proposed protocol is a new distributed routing protocol for mobile, multihop, wireless networks that is highly adaptive, efficient and scalable; being best-suited for use in large, dense, mobile networks.
Abstract: We present a new distributed routing protocol for mobile, multihop, wireless networks. The protocol is one of a family of protocols which we term "link reversal" algorithms. The protocol's reaction is structured as a temporally-ordered sequence of diffusing computations; each computation consisting of a sequence of directed link reversals. The protocol is highly adaptive, efficient and scalable; being best-suited for use in large, dense, mobile networks. In these networks, the protocol's reaction to link failures typically involves only a localized "single pass" of the distributed algorithm. This capability is unique among protocols which are stable in the face of network partitions, and results in the protocol's high degree of adaptivity. This desirable behavior is achieved through the novel use of a "physical or logical clock" to establish the "temporal order" of topological change events which is used to structure (or order) the algorithm's reaction to topological changes. We refer to the protocol as the temporally-ordered routing algorithm (TORA).
2,211 citations
"Adaptive protocols for information ..." refers background in this paper
...Recently, mobile ad hoc routing protocols have become an active area of research [3, 10, 16, 18, 22]....
[...]
PARC1
TL;DR: This paper descrikrs several randomized algorit, hms for dist,rihut.ing updates and driving t,he replicas toward consist,c>nc,y.
Abstract: Whru a dilt~lhSC is replicated at, many sites2 maintaining mutual consistrnry among t,he sites iu the fac:e of updat,es is a signitirant problem. This paper descrikrs several randomized algorit,hms for dist,rihut.ing updates and driving t,he replicas toward consist,c>nc,y. The algorit Inns are very simple and require few guarant,ees from the underlying conllllunicat.ioll system, yc+ they rnsutc t.hat. the off(~c~t, of (‘very update is evcnt,uwlly rf+irt-ted in a11 rq1ica.s. The cost, and parformancc of t,hr algorithms arc tuned I>? c%oosing appropriat,c dist,rilMions in t,hc randoinizat,ioii step. TIN> idgoritlmls ilr(’ c*los~*ly analogoIls t,o epidemics, and t,he epidcWliolog)litc\ratiirc, ilitlh iii Illld~~rsti4lldill~ tlicir bc*liavior. One of tlW i$,oritlims 11&S brc>n implrmcWrd in the Clraringhousr sprv(brs of thr Xerox C’orporat~c~ Iiitcrnc4, solviiig long-standing prol>lf~lns of high traffic and tlatirl>ilsr inconsistcllcp.
1,958 citations
"Adaptive protocols for information ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Using gossiping and broadcasting algorithms to disseminate information in distributed systems has been extensively explored in the literature, often as epidemic algorithms [6]....
[...]
...In [1, 6], gossiping is used to maintain database consistency, while in [18], gossiping is used as a mechanism to achieve fault tolerance....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors specify extensions to two common internetwork routing algorithms (distancevector routing and link-state routing) to support low-delay datagram multicasting beyond a single LAN, and discuss how the use of multicast scope control and hierarchical multicast routing allows the multicast service to scale up to large internetworks.
Abstract: Multicasting, the transmission of a packet to a group of hosts, is an important service for improving the efficiency and robustness of distributed systems and applications. Although multicast capability is available and widely used in local area networks, when those LANs are interconnected by store-and-forward routers, the multicast service is usually not offered across the resulting internetwork. To address this limitation, we specify extensions to two common internetwork routing algorithms—distance-vector routing and link-state routing—to support low-delay datagram multicasting beyond a single LAN. We also describe modifications to the single-spanning-tree routing algorithm commonly used by link-layer bridges, to reduce the costs of multicasting in large extended LANs. Finally, we discuss how the use of multicast scope control and hierarchical multicast routing allows the multicast service to scale up to large internetworks.
1,365 citations