Adaptive rate DS-CDMA systems using variable spreading factors
Summary (2 min read)
Introduction
- The capacity of DS-CDMA systems is limited by both the time-varying characteristics of the wireless channel and the multiple-access interference (MAI) or multiuser interference (MUI).
- Another efficient technique of increasing the capacity of time-varying wireless channels is the employment of adaptive rate transmissions [8]–[12], in which the transmission rate can be adaptively adjusted according to the instantaneous channel Manuscript received July 3, 2002; revised June 13, 2003 and October 17, 2003.
II. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
- The authors consider a single-cell DS-CDMA system, where a single BS is located at the center of the cell, while the mobile users are uniformly distributed in the area covered by this BS.
- The state-transition diagram modeling the number of users determining the interference level is shown in Fig. 1, which represents a queueing system [14].1.
- From the results of Fig. 3, the authors can infer following observations.
- For a given number of users, the BER decreases upon increasing the value of the spreading factor.
- A DS-CDMA system using a higher spreading factor is capable of supporting a higher number of active users than that using a lower spreading factor, while maintaining the target BER.
IV. THROUGHPUT AND BER ANALYSIS
- The authors analyze the effective throughput as well as the resultant average BER when achieving this effective throughput.
- The effective throughput can be derived as follows.
- Furthermore, in (7) the first term is contributed by the event that there exist no active interfering users.
- Since and , (7) can be written as (8) Upon taking the expectation with respect to , considering that and and substituting from (4) into (7), the authors finally obtain the effective throughput as bits chip (9) In order to derive the average BER, they have to consider the following three events.
- The first interference pattern is encountered in the scenario, that the number of active interfering users associated with the first number of bits of the th frame is .
V. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- The authors provide some performance results in order to demonstrate the advantages of VSF-assisted adaptive DS-CDMA systems.
- In accordance with the throughput density, the throughput cumulative function increases sharply when the number of active users increases from approximately 30 to approximately 50.
- The results of Fig. 8 show that the adaptive rate-transmission scheme significantly outperforms the constant rate-transmission scheme.
- When the number of active interfering users is low, the BER performance will be better than the target BER and, hence, the effective throughput is correspondingly lower than necessary.
- Finally, in Fig. 9, the authors show the resultant BER performance of the DS-CDMA system using both constant rate transmissions and the proposed adaptive rate-transmission scheme when they achieve the effective throughput values shown in Fig.
VI. CONCLUSION
- The authors have shown that when the number of active users in a DS-CDMA system is a time-varying random variable and when the conventional matched filter-based receiver is employed, an adaptive rate-transmission scheme using VSFs can be employed for compensating the effects of the time-varying MUI level experienced.
- Hence, the work presented in this contribution can be extended by considering multiple-cell DS-CDMA systems that may support a multiplicity of services.
- Alternatively, adaptive rate transmission can pro- ceed in the same way as described in this contribution, while treating the interference imposed by the adjacent cells as background Gaussian noise.
- First, if all services are data based having different data-rate requirements, the authors have to take into consideration that the interference imposed by a high-rate user is higher than that of a low-rate user.
- Furthermore, no matter which of the above scenarios is considered, with the aid of adaptive rate transmissions the system’s overall throughput can be improved, provided that the number of interfering users or the associated interference level can be modeled as a time-varying variable.
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Citations
11 citations
5 citations
Cites methods from "Adaptive rate DS-CDMA systems using..."
...Variable Spreading Factor is a technique that attempts to increase the average throughput of the system by switching between spreading codes with different spreading factor, depending on the quality of channel [6-8, 11]....
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4 citations
Cites background from "Adaptive rate DS-CDMA systems using..."
...For instance in [17], the use of variable spreading factors (VFSs) to adapt the transmission rate to the level of multiple access interference (MAI) in order to improve the achievable throughput is studied....
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4 citations
Cites methods from "Adaptive rate DS-CDMA systems using..."
...In particular, the failure of the handshaking phase is due to the collision of RTS/CTS packets from different nodes or to the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) due to the active nodes that are transmitting with other codes....
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...On the other hand, a higher spreading factor means a communication at a lower data rate and lower vulnerability guarantees to MAI....
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...It is important to note that a low spreading factor value allows communication at higher data rate but it gives rise to a higher vulnerability to the MAI....
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...Moreover an adaptation rule for the spreading factor selection of the RTS/CTS packets has been used; the proposed scheme help to select the optima spreading factor value in order to minimize the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) [6] between contemporaneous transmissions and the collision of those packets, adapting to the actual network congestion state....
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...Moreover an adaptation rule for the spreading factor selection of the RTS/CTS packets has been used; the proposed scheme help to select the optima spreading factor value in order to minimize the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) [6] between contemporaneous transmissions and the collision of those packets, adapting to the actual network congestion state....
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3 citations
References
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5,048 citations
"Adaptive rate DS-CDMA systems using..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In order to combat the MUI in DS-CDMA systems, as we have mentioned above, the most efficient approach is to use multiuser detection receivers [7]....
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...The most efficient technique of combating the MAI is multiuser detection (MUD) [7]....
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...In contrast to the conventional VSF-assisted adaptive rate-transmission scheme, where the transmission rate is adapted in response to the channel-quality fluctuation recorded at the output of the MUD [17], the transmission rate in the proposed scheme is adapted in response to the time-varying interference level due to the MUI, while maintaining the required target BER value....
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...bating the MAI is multiuser detection (MUD) [7]....
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...The main obstacle of employing DS-CDMA MUD receivers is, however, the high complexity of the multiuser detection algorithms....
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2,355 citations
2,163 citations
"Adaptive rate DS-CDMA systems using..." refers methods in this paper
...Another efficient technique of increasing the capacity of time-varying wireless channels is the employment of adaptive rate transmissions [8]–[12], in which the transmission rate can be adaptively adjusted according to the instantaneous channel...
[...]
1,723 citations
"Adaptive rate DS-CDMA systems using..." refers background in this paper
...Based on the above assumptions and assuming furthermore that there are active users (the reference user plus interfering users), then the received signal at the BS can be expressed as [18]...
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...According to the analysis of [18], the bit errors in DS-CDMA systems communicating over AWGN channels are caused by the effect of multiple-access interference and the AWGN....
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1,193 citations
"Adaptive rate DS-CDMA systems using..." refers background in this paper
...Hence, the multiuser interference level can be modeled as a discrete Markov process [14], which describes the number of active mobile users....
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...where the probability of simultaneously supporting users is known as the Erlang B formula [14], which determines the call blocking probability of the system considered....
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...1In theM=M=m=m queueing system [14], the first parameterM indicates that the arrival process is a Poisson process, the second thatM indicates that the service time obeys a negative exponential distribution, the third thatm quantifies the number of servers, while the last (m) indicates the limit of the number of customers in the system....
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...Specifically, we consider the uplink transmission of a single-cell DS-CDMA system, where the number of active mobile users obeys the Poisson distribution [14] and all the signals transmitted by the mobile users are power controlled....
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...1, which represents a queueing system [14]....
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