Adaptive stereo medical image watermarking using non-corresponding blocks
01 Jan 2015-Vol. 2015, pp 4214-4217
TL;DR: An adaptive watermarking scheme is proposed that considers human visual system in depth perception and modifies maximum singular values of wavelet coefficients of stereo pair for embedding watermark bits.
Abstract: Today with the advent of technology in different medical imaging fields, the use of stereoscopic images has increased. Furthermore, with the rapid growth in telemedicine for remote diagnosis, treatment, and surgery, there is a need for watermarking. This is for copyright protection and tracking of digital media. Also, the efficient use of bandwidth for transmission of such data is another concern. In this paper an adaptive watermarking scheme is proposed that considers human visual system in depth perception. Our proposed scheme modifies maximum singular values of wavelet coefficients of stereo pair for embedding watermark bits. Experimental results show high 3D visual quality of watermarked video frames. Moreover, comparison with a compatible state of the art method shows that the proposed method is highly robust against attacks such as AWGN, salt and pepper noise, and JPEG compression.
Citations
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TL;DR: Experimental results show that the proposed approach can provide superior 3D medical video streaming performance in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) when compared to state-of-the-art approaches that include joint source-channel optimized streaming with multi-path hash-chaining based-authentication, and also conventional video streaming with single path hash- chaining-based authentication.
5 citations
Cites background from "Adaptive stereo medical image water..."
...A second problem for 3D medical video communication is security [14]....
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01 Jan 2008
2 citations
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: This paper used 3D CG images with 8 viewpoints parallax barrier method, which embedded the watermarking image encoded and decoded by H.265/HEVC in advance by transforming frequency domain for the generated images.
Abstract: In our previous studies, we studied on the multi-view 3D CG image quality evaluation including visible digital watermarking. Particularly, we verified for the multimedia evaluation including both the coded image quality and watermark quality. Actually, the image quality of watermarking is not always better in case we carried out the visible digital watermarking. Therefore, depending on the situation, we need to change the coded image quality of watermarking. In this paper, we used 3D CG images with 8 viewpoints parallax barrier method, which embedded the watermarking image encoded and decoded by H.265/HEVC in advance by transforming frequency domain for the generated images. And then, we composed the generated images. We carried out the subjective quality evaluation of these images, and then we analyzed results, and classified evaluation values by using Support Vector Machine (SVM). Furthermore, we considered for the application procedure of watermarking by comparing mutually to the case of considering the coded image quality of watermarking.
1 citations
13 Sep 2017
TL;DR: The robustness of the proposed watermarking scheme under various attacks is validated and the visual quality of the 3D videos watermarked by the scheme is proved to be as good as that of the original videos, by a proposed LDQ (Loss of Disparity Quality) criterion specially designed for 3D video, as well as PSNR of single views.
Abstract: Image watermarking is a popular research topic in signal processing. The paper presents a blind watermarking scheme for 3D videos. Given a 3D video, each frame of both views is divided into blocks. Watermark information is embedded by modulating selected DCT coefficients of each block. The modulation strength is controlled by multi-modal visual redundancies existing in the 3D video. Specifically, we compute an intra-frame Just-noticeable Distortion (JND) value and an inter-frame reference value for the block to determine the strength. The former reflects the visual redundancies in the image plane. The latter represents the visual redundancies of the block from aspects of motion between sequential frames and disparity between the left and right views. We validate the robustness of the proposed watermarking scheme under various attacks through experiments. More importantly, the visual quality of the 3D videos watermarked by our scheme is proved to be as good as that of the original videos, by a proposed LDQ (Loss of Disparity Quality) criterion specially designed for 3D videos, as well as PSNR of single views.
References
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07 Mar 2001
TL;DR: This paper presents a new method which properly addresses occlusions, while preserving the advantages of graph cut algorithms, and gives experimental results for stereo as well as motion, which demonstrate that the method performs well both at detecting occlusion and computing disparities.
Abstract: Several new algorithms for visual correspondence based on graph cuts have recently been developed. While these methods give very strong results in practice, they do not handle occlusions properly. Specifically, they treat the two input images asymmetrically, and they do not ensure that a pixel corresponds to at most one pixel in the other image. In this paper, we present a new method which properly addresses occlusions, while preserving the advantages of graph cut algorithms. We give experimental results for stereo as well as motion, which demonstrate that our method performs well both at detecting occlusions and computing disparities.
1,334 citations
"Adaptive stereo medical image water..." refers methods in this paper
...In order to evaluate the performance of our embedding technique on the imperceptibility and robustness of image, bit error rate (BER), CPSNR and Disparity PSNR (DISP_PSNR) are presented [16]....
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TL;DR: Experimental results show that compared with the relevant existing metrics, the proposed metric can achieve higher consistency with subjective assessment of stereoscopic images.
Abstract: Perceptual quality assessment is a challenging issue in 3D signal processing research. It is important to study 3D signal directly instead of studying simple extension of the 2D metrics directly to the 3D case as in some previous studies. In this paper, we propose a new perceptual full-reference quality assessment metric of stereoscopic images by considering the binocular visual characteristics. The major technical contribution of this paper is that the binocular perception and combination properties are considered in quality assessment. To be more specific, we first perform left-right consistency checks and compare matching error between the corresponding pixels in binocular disparity calculation, and classify the stereoscopic images into non-corresponding, binocular fusion, and binocular suppression regions. Also, local phase and local amplitude maps are extracted from the original and distorted stereoscopic images as features in quality assessment. Then, each region is evaluated independently by considering its binocular perception property, and all evaluation results are integrated into an overall score. Besides, a binocular just noticeable difference model is used to reflect the visual sensitivity for the binocular fusion and suppression regions. Experimental results show that compared with the relevant existing metrics, the proposed metric can achieve higher consistency with subjective assessment of stereoscopic images.
187 citations
"Adaptive stereo medical image water..." refers background in this paper
...The depth of a point is inversely proportional to the disparity/dislocation of its corresponding points between the pair of stereo images and the HVS uses binocular disparity for depth perception in stereoscopic images [10]....
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...This is why it has been under focus recently in several stereoscopic quality assessment methods [10]....
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01 Mar 2002
TL;DR: A data-hiding technique capable of hiding EPR related data such as diagnostic reports, electrocardiogram, and digital signatures from doctors or a hospital into a mark image and allows all of the hidden data to be separated and restored perfectly by authorized users.
Abstract: A data-hiding technique called the "bipolar multiple-number base" was developed to provide capabilities of authentication, integration, and confidentiality for an electronic patient record (EPR) transmitted among hospitals through the Internet. The proposed technique is capable of hiding those EPR related data such as diagnostic reports, electrocardiogram, and digital signatures from doctors or a hospital into a mark image. The mark image could be the mark of a hospital used to identify the origin of an EPR. Those digital signatures from doctors and a hospital could be applied for the EPR authentication. Thus, different types of medical data can be integrated into the same mark image. The confidentiality is ultimately achieved by decrypting the EPR related data and digital signatures with an exact copy of the original mark image. The experimental results validate the integrity and the invisibility of the hidden EPR related data. This newly developed technique allows all of the hidden data to be separated and restored perfectly by authorized users.
187 citations
"Adaptive stereo medical image water..." refers background in this paper
...As this information is confidential, its exchange should be secure and their authenticity should be verified [3, 4]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a technique for embedding the EPR information in the medical image to save storage space and transmission overheads and to guarantee security of the shared data.
Abstract: The last decade has witnessed an explosive use of medical images and Electronics Patient Record (EPR) in the healthcare sector for facilitating the sharing of patient information and exchange between networked hospitals and healthcare centers. To guarantee the security, authenticity and management of medical images and information through storage and distribution, the watermarking techniques are growing to protect the medical healthcare information. This paper presents a technique for embedding the EPR information in the medical image to save storage space and transmission overheads and to guarantee security of the shared data. In this paper a new method for protecting the patient information in which the information is embedded as a watermark in the discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) of the medical image using the hospital logo as a reference image. The patient information is coded by an error correcting code (ECC), BCH code, to enhance the robustness of the proposed method. The scheme is blind so that the EPR can be extracted from the medical image without the need of the original image. Therefore, this proposed technique is useful in telemedicine applications. Performance of the proposed method was tested using four modalities of medical images; MRA, MRI, Radiological, and CT. Experimental results showed no visible difference between the watermarked and the original image. Moreover, the proposed watermarking method is robust against a wide range of attacks such as JPEG coding, Gaussian noise addition, histogram equalization, gamma correction, contrast adjustment, and sharpen filter and rotation.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed empirical studies concerning the effectiveness of stereoscopic displays in medicine, including diagnosis, pre-operative planning, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and training/teaching.
Abstract: In this paper we review empirical studies concerning the effectiveness of stereoscopic displays in medicine. The domains covered in this review are: diagnosis, pre-operative planning, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and training/teaching. For diagnosis, stereoscopic viewing of medical data has been shown to improve the sensitivity of tumor detection in breast imaging, and to improve the visualization of internal structures in 3D ultrasound. For MRI and CT data, where images are frequently rendered in 3D perspective, the added value of binocular depth has not yet been convincingly demonstrated. For MIS, stereoscopic displays decrease surgery time and increase accuracy of surgical procedures when the resolution of the stereoscopic displays is comparable to that of 2D displays. Training and surgical planning already use computer simulations; more research however is needed to assess the potential benefits of stereoscopic displays in those applications. Overall, there is a clear need for more empirical evidence that quantifies the added value of stereoscopic displays in medical domains.
53 citations