Additive manufacturing of metals
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the complex relationship between additive manufacturing processes, microstructure and resulting properties for metals, and typical microstructures for additively manufactured steel, aluminium and titanium are presented.
About: This article is published in Acta Materialia.The article was published on 2016-09-15. It has received 2837 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Aluminium.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of GH4099 superalloy fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) was investigated, and the corresponding relationship between the micro structures and yield strength was revealed.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an exhaustive literature review on EBM and its applications in the medical and biomedical fields is presented, which aims to collect relevant and up-to-date information from an extensive literature review.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the definition, historical development and material gradient types of FGMs are introduced, and a double-wire bypass plasma arc additive manufacturing technique, which is suitable for inducing a gradient along the direction of single pass cladding, is proposed.
Abstract: Functionally graded materials (FGMs), which constitute a new type of composite material, have received considerable attention in industry because of the spatial gradient of their composition and the microstructure-induced gradient in their material performance, which make them better suited for high-performance multifunctional applications. Additive manufacturing (AM) has become one of the most promising techniques for the manufacture of materials and structures because of its high flexibility. The combination of advanced materials (FGMs) and advanced manufacturing methods (AM) is expected to facilitate the further development of such engineering materials. In this paper, the definition, historical development and material gradient types of FGMs are introduced. The classification, process principle and typical research results of the AM of metal FGMs are summarized and discussed. In particular, the research status of wire and arc additive manufacture (WAAM), which is more suitable for the preparation of large-scale metal FGMs, is reviewed in detail according to the types of FGMs, and a double-wire bypass plasma arc additive manufacturing technique, which is suitable for inducing a gradient along the direction of single-pass cladding, is proposed. On the basis of this summary of the important achievements made to date, future research is proposed.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of a high-temperature aging treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of a GTD222 superalloy fabricated with selective laser melting (SLM) processed is investigated.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a selective laser melted Inconel 718 alloy was investigated under in situ electrochemical hydrogen charging, and by multi-scale microstructural analysis, and it was shown that hydrogen significantly accelerates fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR), and such effect is intensified when decreasing load frequency.
4 citations
References
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TL;DR: The state-of-the-art of additive manufacturing (AM) can be classified into three categories: direct digital manufacturing, free-form fabrication, or 3D printing as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of an important, rapidly emerging, manufacturing technology that is alternatively called additive manufacturing (AM), direct digital manufacturing, free form fabrication, or 3D printing, etc. A broad contextual overview of metallic AM is provided. AM has the potential to revolutionize the global parts manufacturing and logistics landscape. It enables distributed manufacturing and the productions of parts-on-demand while offering the potential to reduce cost, energy consumption, and carbon footprint. This paper explores the material science, processes, and business consideration associated with achieving these performance gains. It is concluded that a paradigm shift is required in order to fully exploit AM potential.
4,055 citations
"Additive manufacturing of metals" refers background in this paper
...Schematics of an LMD set-up (from Frazier [38])....
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...Commonly repaired or produced parts are turbine blades, shafts and parts of gear mechanisms mostly made from steels, Ti and its alloys as well as Ni-based super alloys [38,39]....
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...The melt pool which is typically protected against oxidation by supplying argon or helium is produced by the energy input of an Nd:YAG, diode or CO2 laser and the metal powder is fed by a coaxial or multi-jet nozzle [38,39], cf....
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Book•
01 Dec 1994
TL;DR: The Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys as discussed by the authors provides a data base for information on titanium and its alloys, and the selection of specific alloys for specific applications, including applications, physical properties, corrosion, mechanical properties (including design allowances where available), fatigue, fracture properties, and elevated temperature properties.
Abstract: Comprehensive datasheets on more than 60 titanium alloys More than 200 pages on metallurgy and fabrication procedures Input from more than 50 contributors from several countries Careful editorial review for accuracy and usefulness Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys provides a data base for information on titanium and its alloys, and the selection of specific alloys for specific applications The most comprehensive titanium data package ever assembled provides extensive information on applications, physical properties, corrosion, mechanical properties (including design allowances where available), fatigue, fracture properties, and elevated temperature properties The appropriate specifications for each alloy are included This international effort has provided a broad information base that has been compiled and reviewed by leading experts within the titanium industry, from several countries, encompassing numerous technology areas Inputs have been obtained from the titanium industry, fabricators, users, government and academia This up-to-date package covers information from almost the inception of the titanium industry, in the 1950s, to mid-1992 The information, organized by alloy, makes this exhaustive collection an easy-to-use data base at your fingertips, which generally includes all the product forms for each alloy The 60-plus data sheets supply not only extensive graphical and tabular information on properties, but the datasheets also describe or illustrate important factors which would aid in the selection of the proper alloy or heat treatment The datasheets are further supplemented with back-ground information on the metallurgy and fabrication characteristics of titanium alloys An especially extensive coverage of properties, processing and metallurgy is provided in the datasheet for the workhorse of the titanium industry, Ti-6Al-4V This compendium includes the newest alloys made public even those still under development In many cases, key references are included for further information on a given subject Comprehensive datasheets provide extensive information on: Applications, Specifications, Corrosion, Mechanical Design Properties, Fatigue and Fracture
2,286 citations
"Additive manufacturing of metals" refers background in this paper
...It is also known that the distorted hexagonal lattice structure of the a0 martensite is stronger than lamellar a, mainly due to its fine lath width, though it does not necessarily reduce the ductility [143]....
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...Selected microstructural features and effect on properties of titanium alloys [143]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the development of the microstructure of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy processed by selective laser melting (SLM) was studied by light optical microscopy.
2,201 citations
TL;DR: The authors examines the characteristics and applications of 3D printing and compares it with mass customization and other manufacturing processes, and concludes that 3-D printing enables small quantities of customized goods to be produced at relatively low costs.
1,900 citations
Book•
01 Apr 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a summary of the most useful information required to understand titanium and its alloys and present a review of the significant features of the metallurgy and application of titanium and alloys.
Abstract: Designed to support the need of engineering, management, and other professionals for information on titanium by providing an overview of the major topics, this book provides a concise summary of the most useful information required to understand titanium and its alloys The author provides a review of the significant features of the metallurgy and application of titanium and its alloys All technical aspects of the use of titanium are covered, with sufficient metals property data for most users Because of its unique density, corrosion resistance, and relative strength advantages over competing materials such as aluminum, steels, and superalloys, titanium has found a niche in many industries Much of this use has occurred through military research, and subsequent applications in aircraft, of gas turbine engines, although more recent use features replacement joints, golf clubs, and bicycles Contents include: A primer on titanium and its alloys, Introduction to selection of titanium alloys, Understanding titanium's metallurgy and mill products, Forging and forming, Castings, Powder metallurgy, Heat treating, Joining technology and practice, Machining, Cleaning and finishing, Structure/processing/property relationships, Corrosion resistance, Advanced alloys and future directions, Appendices: Summary table of titanium alloys, Titanium alloy datasheets, Cross-reference to titanium alloys, Listing of selected specification and standardization organizations, Selected manufacturers, suppliers, services, Corrosion data, Machining data
1,788 citations
"Additive manufacturing of metals" refers background in this paper
...Donachie [140] b-ST aþ b colony 931 1055 9...
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