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Journal ArticleDOI

Additive manufacturing of polymer nanocomposites: Needs and challenges in materials, processes, and applications

TL;DR: A comparative review of additive manufacturing processes for polymer composites and their applications is presented in this article, which aims to provide engineers and scientists with an updated understanding of the underlying issues, barriers, limitations, and opportunities.
Abstract: Polymer nanocomposites have attracted increasing interest in research and development with several current and potential industrial applications due to their wide margin of superiority over conventional materials. Polymer composites provide a higher strength-to-weight ratio, easily customizable product properties, flexible manufacturing processes, high resistance to corrosion or erosion, and lower cost. The recent progress in additive manufacturing (AM) methods has paved the way for even a broader range of flexibilities in design and materials in several industrial sectors, including aerospace, biomedical, construction, electronics, telecommunication, mechanical, and defense. However, some hindrances remain in the synthesis of polymer composites and their fabrication through AM technologies. A comparative review of AM processes for polymer composites and their applications is presented in this study. This study aims to provide engineers and scientists with an updated understanding of the underlying issues, barriers, limitations, and opportunities. It will also help the reader to systematically reveal the research problems and future directions related to materials synthesis and AM processes.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a review article presents important 4D technologies in conjunction with the underlying functionalities of stimuli-responsive polymer composites, and elucidates the future opportunities of 4D-printed SMPCs in terms of preprogramming knowledge, multi-way SMPC, multimaterial printing, sustainability, and potential applications.

66 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the latest knowledge of different natural and synthetic-based biodegradable polymers and their fiber-reinforced composites is presented in this paper , which discusses different degradation mechanisms of biopolymer-based composites as well as their sustainability aspects.
Abstract: Advancements in polymer science and engineering have helped the scientific community to shift its attention towards the use of environmentally benign materials for reducing the environmental impact of conventional synthetic plastics. Biopolymers are environmentally benign, chemically versatile, sustainable, biocompatible, biodegradable, inherently functional, and ecofriendly materials that exhibit tremendous potential for a wide range of applications including food, electronics, agriculture, textile, biomedical, and cosmetics. This review also inspires the researchers toward more consumption of biopolymer-based composite materials as an alternative to synthetic composite materials. Herein, an overview of the latest knowledge of different natural- and synthetic-based biodegradable polymers and their fiber-reinforced composites is presented. The review discusses different degradation mechanisms of biopolymer-based composites as well as their sustainability aspects. This review also elucidates current challenges, future opportunities, and emerging applications of biopolymeric sustainable composites in numerous engineering fields. Finally, this review proposes biopolymeric sustainable materials as a propitious solution to the contemporary environmental crisis. • Use of biopolymers has emerged as a new paradigm of the ecological conservation. • Biopolymeric composites are easily degraded under the possible source of degraded environment. • Biopolymers have found their applications in biomedical, food, electronics, cosmetics and other emerging fields. • Further understanding on their mode of action through this comprehensive review will imparts knowledge.

64 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Inconel group of alloys, particularly IN 625 and IN 718 are the most widely recognized commercially available Ni-based superalloys employed for high temperature applications as mentioned in this paper .

53 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors present a state-of-the-art review containing different types of stimuli-responsive materials (SRMs) and bioprinting technologies, which are applied in different soft and hard tissue engineering (TE) applications.

35 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
14 Oct 2021-Polymers
TL;DR: A review of state-of-the-art scientific achievements in numerical simulations of the FFF process for polymers and their composites can be found in this article, where the authors highlight the multi-level complexity of the process.
Abstract: Three-dimensional printing (3DP), also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has rapidly evolved over the past few decades. Researchers around the globe have been putting their efforts into AM processes improvement and materials development. One of the most widely used extrusion-based technology under AM processes is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), also known as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). Numerical simulation tools are being employed to predict the FFF process complexities and material behavior. These tools allow exploring candidate materials for their potential use in the FFF process and process improvements. The prime objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art scientific achievements in numerical simulations of the FFF process for polymers and their composites. The first section presents an in-depth discussion of the FFF process’s physical phenomena and highlights the multi-level complexity. The subsequent section discusses the research efforts, specifically on numerical simulation techniques reported in the literature for simulation of the FFF process. Finally, conclusions are drawn based on the reviewed literature, and future research directions are identified.

32 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the main 3D printing methods, materials and their development in trending applications was carried out in this paper, where the revolutionary applications of AM in biomedical, aerospace, buildings and protective structures were discussed.
Abstract: Freedom of design, mass customisation, waste minimisation and the ability to manufacture complex structures, as well as fast prototyping, are the main benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. A comprehensive review of the main 3D printing methods, materials and their development in trending applications was carried out. In particular, the revolutionary applications of AM in biomedical, aerospace, buildings and protective structures were discussed. The current state of materials development, including metal alloys, polymer composites, ceramics and concrete, was presented. In addition, this paper discussed the main processing challenges with void formation, anisotropic behaviour, the limitation of computer design and layer-by-layer appearance. Overall, this paper gives an overview of 3D printing, including a survey on its benefits and drawbacks as a benchmark for future research and development.

4,159 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
07 Jul 2008-Polymer
TL;DR: In this paper, the technology involved with exfoliated clay-based nanocomposites and also include other important areas including barrier properties, flammability resistance, biomedical applications, electrical/electronic/optoelectronic applications and fuel cell interests.

2,917 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of FDM parts fabricated by the FDM 1650 were analyzed using a Design of Experiment (DOE) approach, such as raster orientation, air gap, bead width, color and model temperature.
Abstract: Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies provide the ability to fabricate initial prototypes from various model materials. Stratasys Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a typical RP process that can fabricate prototypes out of ABS plastic. To predict the mechanical behavior of FDM parts, it is critical to understand the material properties of the raw FDM process material, and the effect that FDM build parameters have on anisotropic material properties. This paper characterizes the properties of ABS parts fabricated by the FDM 1650. Using a Design of Experiment (DOE) approach, the process parameters of FDM, such as raster orientation, air gap, bead width, color, and model temperature were examined. Tensile strengths and compressive strengths of directionally fabricated specimens were measured and compared with injection molded FDM ABS P400 material. For the FDM parts made with a 0.003 inch overlap between roads, the typical tensile strength ranged between 65 and 72 percent of the strength of injection molded ABS P400. The compressive strength ranged from 80 to 90 percent of the injection molded FDM ABS. Several build rules for designing FDM parts were formulated based on experimental results.

1,886 citations

BookDOI
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: A conceptual overview of rapid prototyping and layered manufacturing is given, beginning with the fundamentals so that readers can get up to speed quickly as mentioned in this paper, with a broad range of technical questions to ensure comprehensive understanding of the concepts covered.
Abstract: This book covers in detail the various aspects of joining materials to form parts. A conceptual overview of rapid prototyping and layered manufacturing is given, beginning with the fundamentals so that readers can get up to speed quickly. Unusual and emerging applications such as micro-scale manufacturing, medical applications, aerospace, and rapid manufacturing are also discussed. This book provides a comprehensive overview of rapid prototyping technologies as well as support technologies such as software systems, vacuum casting, investment casting, plating, infiltration and other systems. This book also: Reflects recent developments and trends and adheres to the ASTM, SI, and other standards Includes chapters on automotive technology, aerospace technology and low-cost AM technologies Provides a broad range of technical questions to ensure comprehensive understanding of the concepts covered.

1,878 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The history of 3D printing is encompassed, various printing methods are reviewed, current applications are presented, and the future direction and impact this technology will have on laboratory settings as 3D printers become more accessible is offered.
Abstract: Nearing 30 years since its introduction, 3D printing technology is set to revolutionize research and teaching laboratories. This feature encompasses the history of 3D printing, reviews various printing methods, and presents current applications. The authors offer an appraisal of the future direction and impact this technology will have on laboratory settings as 3D printers become more accessible.

1,381 citations

Trending Questions (1)
What are challenging issues of composite plastic additive manufacturing?

The paper discusses hindrances in the synthesis and fabrication of polymer composites through additive manufacturing technologies, but does not explicitly mention the challenging issues of composite plastic additive manufacturing.