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Journal Article•DOI•

Adopting Paivio's General Analytic Framework to Examine Imagery Use in Sport

Anthony P Watt, Michael Spittle, Timo Jaakkola, Tony Morris
04 Sep 2008-Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity (Berkeley Electronic Press)-Vol. 3, Iss: 1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the use of imagery according to Paivio's (1985) general analytic framework and found that participants used more motivational general-mastery imagery than recreational level participants.
Abstract: This study examined the use of imagery according to Paivio's (1985) general analytic framework. The aims were to examine functional differences in imagery use according to the five subscales of the SIQ, to investigate differences in imagery use by competitive level, and to explore the influence on the use of imagery of skills involving a perceptual target (reactive tasks) and without a perceptual target (nonreactive tasks). Participants included 484 individuals (280 male, 204 female), with a mean age of 20.39 (SD = 4.10) from the United Kingdom, Finland, and Australia. The group comprised 84 national, 21 0 state, 120 district, and 70 recreational level athletes representing 54 sports. Participants completed a demographic information sheet and the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ). Participants were classified according tocompetitive level and task type. Results indicated that overall participants used more motivational general-mastery imagery. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance revealed that there were significant differences among the four competitive levels on imagery use with the district level participants reporting significantly higher use of motivational general-arousal (MG-A) imagery than state and national level participants and national level participants reporting higher use of cognitive specific (CS) imagery than recreational level participants. There was also a significant difference between tasks with a perceptual target and tasks with no target for motivational-specific imagery, with higher scores for tasks with a perceptual target. The results suggest the continued evaluation of imagery use in relation to competitive level and support that task type may influence the functional use of imagery in sport.
Citations
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Journal Article•
The effectiveness of imagery and coping strategies in sport performance

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Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee1, Wan Rezawana Wan Daud1, Rahim Abdullah1, Salleh Abd Rashid2•
Universiti Putra Malaysia1, Universiti Malaysia Sabah2
01 Jul 2009-European journal of social sciences
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effectiveness of imagery and coping strategies in sport performance and found that the participants most frequently used coping skills is the confidence (M=2.0802, SD=.5644) and the least frequently used is coachability.
Abstract: The present study investigated the effectiveness of imagery and coping strategies in sport performance. Participants were 106 person, both male (n=42) and female (n=64) aged between 17 and 45 years old who represented the different level of participants of sport. Which is State players (n=46), National players (n=38) and District/university players (n=22) in various sports competitions. Participants completed the SIQ questionnaires to measure imagery skill while using ACSI-28 questionnaires to measure coping skill. Result showed Malay respondents is the higher interested in the study are 79 persons. Meanwhile, sports involved of respondents are others sport (archery, football/futsal, netball, rugby, hockey and athletics) which are 50%. The most level of age participated are 21 to 24 years old. Most probably, in this age level, some of them represented for national (n=38) and state (n=46). The result of this study showed that the SIQ and ACSI-28 is reliable to the respondents participated which is the Cronbach's alpha coefficients, mean and standard deviation of all the variables are presented were .932. For the ACSI-28, the participants most frequently used coping skills is the confidence (M=2.0802, SD=.5644) and the least frequently used is coachability (M=1.5519, SD=.4361). From the resulted, there were significant differences in one subscales of ACSI-28 coping with adversity between male and female, which are concentrated with t (106) = 2.118, p = .037. One Way ANOVA analysis subscales with level of participants result showed that all subscales imagery (SIQ) were significant differences with levels of participation. In addition five subscales ACSI-28 also were significant differences with level of participations in this study. It might be because of the participated from a national and state player (n=38, n=46). In addition, result showed only subscales coping with diversity are significant differences where p=.037 (M=2.0448, SD=.5115) compare the rest of subscales ACSI-28.

47 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Internal and External Imagery Effects on Tennis Skills Among Novices.

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Amir Dana1, Elmira Gozalzadeh1•
Islamic Azad University1
11 Aug 2017-Perceptual and Motor Skills
TL;DR: Findings highlight differential efficacy of internal and external visual imagery for performance improvement on complex sport skills in early stage motor learning in young male novices.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of internal and external visual imagery perspectives on performance accuracy of open and closed tennis skills (i.e., serve, forehand, and backhand) among novices. Thirty-six young male novices, aged 15-18 years, from a summer tennis program participated. Following initial skill acquisition (12 sessions), baseline assessments of imagery ability and imagery perspective preference were used to assign participants to one of three groups: internal imagery ( n = 12), external imagery ( n = 12), or a no-imagery (mental math exercise) control group ( n = 12). The experimental interventions of 15 minutes of mental imagery (internal or external) or mental math exercises followed by 15 minutes of physical practice were held three times a week for six weeks. The performance accuracy of the groups on the serve, forehand, and backhand strokes was measured at pre- and post-test using videotaping. Results showed significant increases in the performance accuracy of all three tennis strokes in all three groups, but serve accuracy in the internal imagery group and forehand accuracy in the external imagery group showed greater improvements, while backhand accuracy was similarly improved in all three groups. These findings highlight differential efficacy of internal and external visual imagery for performance improvement on complex sport skills in early stage motor learning.

44 citations

Cites background or methods from "Adopting Paivio's General Analytic ..."

  • ...…and functional use of imagery in different types of sport skills (Arvinen-Barrow et al., 2007; Fogarty & Morris, 2003; Spittle & Morris, 2007; Watt et al., 2008), but very limited research (e.g., Spittle, 2001) has addressed the effect of imagery perspectives on performance enhancement of…...

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  • ...Using different frameworks for motor skills classification, recent studies have focused on perspective and functional use of imagery in different types of sport skills (Arvinen-Barrow et al., 2007; Fogarty & Morris, 2003; Spittle & Morris, 2007; Watt et al., 2008), but very limited research (e....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Characteristics Affecting the Use of Imagery: A Youth Sports Academy Study

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John K. Parker1, Geoff P. Lovell2•
University of Gloucestershire1, University of the Sunshine Coast2
01 Jan 2009-Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the characteristics of youth sport performers imagery use and found that athletes use motivational general-mastery imagery most frequently with motivational general arousal used the least.
Abstract: An understanding of the effects of imagery on performance is well documented (Weinberg,2008). However, most of the research has been conducted examining adult athletes (Hall, 2001);few studies have investigated the characteristics of youth sport performers imagery use. Partici-pants from a United Kingdom sports academy included 74 individuals (42 male, 32 female), witha mean age of 16.76 (SD = 0.72). The sample included 24 national, 23 county, and 27 club ath-letes from a total of 13 sports. Participants completed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ;Hall et al., 1998) and the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ; Issac et al.,1986). Participants were grouped according to competitive level, practice volume, and imageryability. Results indicated that athletes use motivational general-mastery imagery most frequentlywith motivational general-arousal used the least. There was also a significant difference betweenpractice volume and subsequent imagery use. The results suggest that applied practitioners’ work-ing with youth sport performers should consider practice volume as a potential characteristic thatinfluences the frequency of imagery use.KEYWORDS: youth sport performers

25 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Imagery perspective among young athletes : differentiation between external and internal visual imagery

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Qiuhua Yu1, Amy S. N. Fu1, Adeline Kho, Jie Li, Xiao-Hua Sun, Chetwyn C.H. Chan1 •
Hong Kong Polytechnic University1
01 Jun 2016-Journal of Sport and Health Science
TL;DR: EVI involves the visualization of others and the environment, and would be relevant to higher skill-level athletes who engage in open sports regardless of sport type, compared with IVI, which tends to be more self-oriented.

21 citations

Cites background from "Adopting Paivio's General Analytic ..."

  • ...and Watt et al.(15) reported that elite athletes tended to employ cognitiverelated imagery (measured by the Sport Imagery Questionnaire, SIQ) more frequently than non-elite athletes....

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  • ...For instance, Arvinen-Barrow et al.14 and Watt et al.15 reported that elite athletes tended to employ cognitiverelated imagery (measured by the Sport Imagery Questionnaire, SIQ) more frequently than non-elite athletes....

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Posted Content•
Advances in Physical Education

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Bert Quade
01 Aug 2011-Social Science Research Network
TL;DR: Advances in Physical Education (APE) as mentioned in this paper is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of physical education The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of PE.
Abstract: Advances in Physical Education (APE) is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of physical education The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of physical education

20 citations

References
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Psychometric Theory (2nd ed), New York: McGraw-Hill.

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JC Nunnally
01 Jan 1978

13,810 citations

"Adopting Paivio's General Analytic ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...A second limitation was that two subscales (cognitive specific, cognitive general) were marginally below the recommended minimum of .70 for internal consistency (Nunnally, 1978)....

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Book•
Motor Learning and Performance

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Richard A. Schmidt, Craig A. Wrisberg
01 Apr 1991
TL;DR: Part I An Introduction to Motor Performance and Learning: Principles of Human Skilled Performance and learning, and how to apply the principles of Skill Learning.
Abstract: Part I An Introduction to Motor Performance and Learning Chapter 1 Getting Started Chapter 2 Individual Differences and Motor Abilities Part II Principles of Human Skilled Performance Chapter 3 Processing Information and Making Decisions Chapter 4 Sensory Contributions to Skilled Performance Chapter 5 Movement Production and Motor Programs Chapter 6 Principles of Motor Control and Movement Accuracy Part III Principles of Skill Learning Chapter 7 Preparing for the Learning Experience Chapter 8 Supplementing the Learning Experience Chapter 9 Structuring the Learning Experience Chapter 10 Providing Feedback During the Learning Experience Part IV Integration and Applications Chapter 11 Facilitating Learning and Performance Chapter 12 Applying the Principles of Skill Learning

746 citations

"Adopting Paivio's General Analytic ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Schmidt and Wrisberg (2004) emphasised that perceptual processes and decision making in response to variable environmental conditions are important to successful skill execution....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Imagery Use in Sport: A Literature Review and Applied Model

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Kathleen A. Martin1, Sandra E. Moritz, Craig R. Hall•
McMaster-Carr1
01 Sep 1999-Sport Psychologist
TL;DR: In this paper, an applied model for sport imagery use by athletes is presented, where three broad categories of imagery effects are examined: skill and strategy learning and performance, cognitive modification, and arousal and anxiety regulation.
Abstract: Research examining imagery use by athletes is reviewed within the context of an applied model for sport. The model conceptualizes the sport situation, the type of imagery used, and imagery ability as factors that influence how imagery use can affect an athlete. Three broad categories of imagery effects are examined: (a) skill and strategy learning and performance, (b) cognitive modification, and (c) arousal and anxiety regulation. Recommendations are offered for the operationalization and measurement of constructs within the model, and suggestions are provided for how the model may guide future research and application.

509 citations

"Adopting Paivio's General Analytic ..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...the applied model of imagery use in sport (Martin et al., 1999), we suggest that task type (e....

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  • ...As an extension to DOI: 10.2202/1932-0191.1026 the applied model of imagery use in sport (Martin et al., 1999), we suggest that task type (e.g., reactive, non-reactive) be considered as a mediating variable influencing imagery type (e.g., MS)....

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  • ...The applied model of imagery use in sport developed by Martin, Moritz, and Hall (1999) included the functional role of imagery and other variables, such as the sport situation (e.g., training, competition), imagery ability (e.g., visual, kinesthetic), and outcome (e.g., skill improvement, anxiety…...

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Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance.

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Allan Paivio
01 Dec 1985
TL;DR: A conceptual framework is proposed that could be used to evaluate the available research literature and guide further research on the use of imagery techniques to modify performance and is based on evidence that imagery mediates behaviour through either cognitive or motivational mechanisms.
Abstract: Anecdotal and research evidence suggest that imagery rehearsal can improve performance in a variety of sports activities at least some of the time. However, the reasons for the effects (or lack of them) are unclear. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that could be used to evaluate the available research literature and guide further research on the use of imagery techniques to modify performance. The framework is based on evidence that imagery mediates behaviour through either cognitive or motivational mechanisms, which affect specific or general response systems. Special emphasis is given to task analysis and the functions of memory and verbal mechanisms in imagery rehearsal.

475 citations

"Adopting Paivio's General Analytic ..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Task analysis classification was based on Paivio’s (1985) framework of reactive and nonreactive perceptual motor-skills....

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  • ...Paivio (1985) further suggested breaking reactive skills into skills where the target and performer are stationary and skills where the target is moving and the performer may be moving....

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  • ...The purpose of the present study was to explore the use of imagery according to the Paivio’s (1985) general analytic framework....

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  • ...The functional roles analysis of imagery proposed by Paivio (1985) resulted in a 2 x 2 framework where imagery can mediate behavior through either a cognitive (e.g., skill and strategy rehearsal) or motivational (e.g., selfconfidence, arousal) role, which can operate at either a general or specific…...

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  • ...The open and closed skill continuum corresponds closely with the perceptual elements described by Paivio (1985)....

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Journal Article•
Imagery use by athletes: development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire.

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Craig R. Hall1, Diane E. Mack, Allan Paivio, Heather A. Hausenblas•
University of Western Ontario1
01 Jan 1998-International Journal of Sport Psychology

421 citations

"Adopting Paivio's General Analytic ..." refers background or methods or result in this paper

  • ...Substantial research has been conducted examining the functional use of imagery by athletes (e.g., Abma, et al., 2002; Cumming et al., 2002; Hall et al., 1998; Weinberg, Butt, Knight, Burke, & Jackson, 2003)....

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  • ...In DOI: 10.2202/1932-0191.1026 relation to the specific functional role of imagery, Hall et al. (1998) found that team sport athletes reported greater use of MS and MG-M imagery than individual sport athletes, whereas, Weinberg et al. (2003) found individual athletes reported greater use of MG-A…...

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  • ...This result is inconsistent with the findings of Hall et al. (1998), who found that the motivational functions of imagery predicted the performance of athletes who competed at higher levels (varsity, national)....

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  • ...Imagery use was measured using the SIQ, which was developed by Hall et al. (1998) to evaluate the cognitive and motivational functions proposed by Paivio....

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  • ...relation to the specific functional role of imagery, Hall et al. (1998) found that team sport athletes reported greater use of MS and MG-M imagery than individual sport athletes, whereas, Weinberg et al. (2003) found individual athletes reported greater use of MG-A imagery than team athletes....

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Related Papers (5)
Imagery use by athletes: development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire.

[...]

01 Jan 1998-International Journal of Sport Psychology
Craig R. Hall, Diane E. Mack, Allan Paivio, Heather A. Hausenblas 
Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance.

[...]

01 Dec 1985
Allan Paivio
Imagery Use in Sport: A Literature Review and Applied Model

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01 Sep 1999-Sport Psychologist
Kathleen A. Martin, Sandra E. Moritz, Craig R. Hall
The use of imagery by rowers.

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01 Jul 1992-International Journal of Sport Psychology
Kathryn A. Barr, Craig R. Hall
The use of imagery by soccer players

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01 Mar 1994-Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
Jill Salmon, Craig R. Hall, Ian Haslam