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Journal ArticleDOI

Adsorption of Fluoride from Water Solution on Bone Char

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of solution pH and temperature on the adsorption of fluoride onto bone char made from cattle bones were investigated, and it was found that the maximum adaption took place at pH 3.
Abstract: The effects of solution pH and temperature on the adsorption of fluoride onto bone char made from cattle bones were investigated in this work. It was found that the maximum adsorption took place at pH 3 and the adsorption capacity decreased nearly 20 times augmenting the pH from 3 to 12. This behavior was attributed to the electrostatic interactions between the surface of bone char and the fluoride ions in solution. The adsorption capacity was not influenced by temperature in the range from 15 to 35 °C. A comparison of fluoride adsorption capacities among several adsorbents revealed that the adsorption capacity of the bone char was 2.8 and 36 times greater than those of a commercial activated alumina (F-1) and a commercial activated carbon (F-400). The adsorption capacity is considerably dependent upon the physicochemical properties of the bone char surface and the solution pH.

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TL;DR: This article reviews the progress made in CO2 separation and capture research and engineering and various technologies, such as absorption, adsorption, and membrane separation are thoroughly discussed.
Abstract: This article reviews the progress made in CO2 separation and capture research and engineering. Various technologies, such as absorption, adsorption, and membrane separation, are thoroughly discussed. New concepts such as chemical-looping combustion and hydrate-based separation are also introduced briefly. Future directions are suggested. Sequestration methods, such as forestation, ocean fertilization and mineral carbonation techniques are also covered. Underground injection and direct ocean dump are not covered.

1,899 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the recent progress on the study of nanofluids, such as the preparation methods, the evaluation methods for the stability of nanometrics, and the ways to enhance the stability for nanofl fluids, and presented the broad range of current and future applications in various fields including energy and mechanical and biomedical fields.
Abstract: Nanofluids, the fluid suspensions of nanomaterials, have shown many interesting properties, and the distinctive features offer unprecedented potential for many applications. This paper summarizes the recent progress on the study of nanofluids, such as the preparation methods, the evaluation methods for the stability of nanofluids, and the ways to enhance the stability for nanofluids, the stability mechanisms of nanofluids, and presents the broad range of current and future applications in various fields including energy and mechanical and biomedical fields. At last, the paper identifies the opportunities for future research.

1,320 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review discusses the techniques and procedures for the measurement and analysis of colour in food and other biomaterial materials, focusing on the instrumental and visual measurements for quantifying colour attributes and highlights the range of primary and derived objective colour indices used to characterise the maturity and quality of a wide range of food products and beverages.
Abstract: Colour is an important quality attribute in the food and bioprocess industries, and it influences consumer’s choice and preferences. Food colour is governed by the chemical, biochemical, microbial and physical changes which occur during growth, maturation, postharvest handling and processing. Colour measurement of food products has been used as an indirect measure of other quality attributes such as flavour and contents of pigments because it is simpler, faster and correlates well with other physicochemical properties. This review discusses the techniques and procedures for the measurement and analysis of colour in food and other biomaterial materials. It focuses on the instrumental (objective) and visual (subjective) measurements for quantifying colour attributes and highlights the range of primary and derived objective colour indices used to characterise the maturity and quality of a wide range of food products and beverages. Different approaches applied to model food colour are described, including reaction mechanisms, response surface methodology and others based on probabilistic and non-isothermal kinetics. Colour is one of the most widely measured product quality attributes in postharvest handling and in the food processing research and industry. Apart from differences in instrumentation, colour measurements are often reported based on different colour indices even for the same product, making it difficult to compare results in the literature. There is a need for standardisation to improve the traceability and transferability of measurements. The correlation between colour and other sensory quality attributes is well established, but future prospects exist in the application of objective non-destructive colour measurement in predictive modelling of the nutritional quality of fresh and processed food products.

1,232 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This survey presented a comprehensive investigation of PSO, including its modifications, extensions, and applications to the following eight fields: electrical and electronic engineering, automation control systems, communication theory, operations research, mechanical engineering, fuel and energy, medicine, chemistry, and biology.
Abstract: Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a heuristic global optimization method, proposed originally by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995. It is now one of the most commonly used optimization techniques. This survey presented a comprehensive investigation of PSO. On one hand, we provided advances with PSO, including its modifications (including quantum-behaved PSO, bare-bones PSO, chaotic PSO, and fuzzy PSO), population topology (as fully connected, von Neumann, ring, star, random, etc.), hybridization (with genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, Tabu search, artificial immune system, ant colony algorithm, artificial bee colony, differential evolution, harmonic search, and biogeography-based optimization), extensions (to multiobjective, constrained, discrete, and binary optimization), theoretical analysis (parameter selection and tuning, and convergence analysis), and parallel implementation (in multicore, multiprocessor, GPU, and cloud computing forms). On the other hand, we offered a survey on applications of PSO to the following eight fields: electrical and electronic engineering, automation control systems, communication theory, operations research, mechanical engineering, fuel and energy, medicine, chemistry, and biology. It is hoped that this survey would be beneficial for the researchers studying PSO algorithms.

836 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The main goal of this paper is to provide an up-to-date review of the state-of-the-art in this challenging area of short-term batch scheduling, with a general classification for scheduling problems of batch processes as well as for the corresponding optimization models.

781 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1994-Carbon
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other activated carbons is given, focusing on surface oxides with emphasis on the chemical methods used in the assessment and identification of surface functional groups.

2,705 citations

Book
01 Aug 1981
TL;DR: Process chemistry for water and wastewater treatment as mentioned in this paper, Process Chemistry for Water and Wastewater treatment, Process chemistry for wastewater treatment, and process chemistry for drinking water treatment, کتابخانه دانشگاه علوم پزδکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی
Abstract: Process chemistry for water and wastewater treatment , Process chemistry for water and wastewater treatment , کتابخانه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی کرمان

589 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data suggested that Calcite has been seen as a good adsorbent in fluoride removal and has been patented, but its adsorption capacity is only better than quartz, and the external mass transfer is a very slow and rate-determining step during fluoride removal from the aqueous solution.

544 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new candidate for fluoride adsorption from water, amorphous Al2O3 supported on carbon nanotubes (Al 2O3/CNTs) is reported in this article.

401 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
22 Feb 1999-Carbon
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface properties of cellulose-based activated carbon cloth were investigated and the point of zero charge was determined by batch equilibrium method, where the site-binding model was applied to calculate the intrinsic acidity constants.

375 citations