Advanced glycation endproducts in food and their effects on health.
TL;DR: The current review points out several research needs in order to address important questions on AGEs in foods and health.
About: This article is published in Food and Chemical Toxicology.The article was published on 2013-10-01. It has received 540 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: 3-Deoxyglucosone.
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16 Mar 2015
TL;DR: A review will highlight the involvement of AGEs in the development and progression of T2DM and their role in diabetic complications and the role of oxidative stress in hyperglycemia-induced tissue injury.
Abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a very complex and multifactorial metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and β cell failure leading to elevated blood glucose levels Hyperglycemia is suggested to be the main cause of diabetic complications, which not only decrease life quality and expectancy, but are also becoming a problem regarding the financial burden for health care systems Therefore, and to counteract the continually increasing prevalence of diabetes, understanding the pathogenesis, the main risk factors, and the underlying molecular mechanisms may establish a basis for prevention and therapy In this regard, research was performed revealing further evidence that oxidative stress has an important role in hyperglycemia-induced tissue injury as well as in early events relevant for the development of T2DM The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a group of modified proteins and/or lipids with damaging potential, is one contributing factor On the one hand it has been reported that AGEs increase reactive oxygen species formation and impair antioxidant systems, on the other hand the formation of some AGEs is induced per se under oxidative conditions Thus, AGEs contribute at least partly to chronic stress conditions in diabetes As AGEs are not only formed endogenously, but also derive from exogenous sources, ie, food, they have been assumed as risk factors for T2DM However, the role of AGEs in the pathogenesis of T2DM and diabetic complications—if they are causal or simply an effect—is only partly understood This review will highlight the involvement of AGEs in the development and progression of T2DM and their role in diabetic complications
746 citations
Cites methods or result from "Advanced glycation endproducts in f..."
...That the detection of AGEs with only one method is not sufficient and can result in under- or overestimation of AGEs in food items [34], is demonstrated by comparing these studies....
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...for AGE detection include high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography or liquid chromatography with different detectors (reviewed in [34])....
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TL;DR: Molecular mechanisms that link obesity, diabetes and AD, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation that are observed in these disorders are discussed.
422 citations
TL;DR: The enhanced generation and accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) have been linked to increased risk for macrovascular and microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus, and understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of AGEs is paramount to develop strategies against diabetic and cardiovascular complications.
Abstract: The enhanced generation and accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) have been linked to increased risk for macrovascular and microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus. AGEs result from the nonenzymatic reaction of reducing sugars with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, potentially altering their function by disrupting molecular conformation, promoting cross-linking, altering enzyme activity, reducing their clearance, and impairing receptor recognition. AGEs may also activate specific receptors, like the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), which is present on the surface of all cells relevant to atherosclerotic processes, triggering oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of AGEs is paramount to develop strategies against diabetic and cardiovascular complications.
252 citations
Cites background from "Advanced glycation endproducts in f..."
...[110] discussed the relevance of the in vivo interaction between AGEs and RAGE by highlighting that the interaction between AGEs (mainly CML) and RAGE does not uniformly induce an inflammatory response [108,111–113]....
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...In addition, the affinity of AGEs for RAGE might be lower in vivo as compared to in vitro studies [110]....
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TL;DR: Some of the most relevant changes that take place during aging are explored and an integrative approach that couples aging research with systems biology, capable of providing novel insights into how and why the authors age, is necessary.
243 citations
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai1, Spanish National Research Council2, University of Chile3, University of Buenos Aires4, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific5, Universidad de Guanajuato6, University of São Paulo7, University of the Republic8, University of Lleida9, The Catholic University of America10
TL;DR: This review illustrates currently known facts about dietary AGEs as well as pointing out areas that require further research.
242 citations
References
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TL;DR: Findings indicate that the "diabetes epidemic" will continue even if levels of obesity remain constant, and given the increasing prevalence of obesity, it is likely that these figures provide an underestimate of future diabetes prevalence.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE —The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people of all ages with diabetes for years 2000 and 2030. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Data on diabetes prevalence by age and sex from a limited number of countries were extrapolated to all 191 World Health Organization member states and applied to United Nations’ population estimates for 2000 and 2030. Urban and rural populations were considered separately for developing countries. RESULTS —The prevalence of diabetes for all age-groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. The total number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. The prevalence of diabetes is higher in men than women, but there are more women with diabetes than men. The urban population in developing countries is projected to double between 2000 and 2030. The most important demographic change to diabetes prevalence across the world appears to be the increase in the proportion of people >65 years of age. CONCLUSIONS —These findings indicate that the “diabetes epidemic” will continue even if levels of obesity remain constant. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, it is likely that these figures provide an underestimate of future diabetes prevalence.
16,648 citations
"Advanced glycation endproducts in f..." refers background in this paper
...Type 2 diabetes (diabetes) is a global health problem of increasing prevalence and it has reached epidemic proportions in many countries (Amos et al., 1997; Danaei et al., 2011; Fox et al., 2006; King et al., 1998; Wild et al., 2004)....
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TL;DR: This report supports earlier predictions of the epidemic nature of diabetes in the world during the first quarter of the 21st century and provides a provisional picture of the characteristics of the diabetes epidemic.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people with diabetes who are ≥20 years of age in all countries of the world for three points in time, i.e., the years 1995, 2000, and 2025, and to calculate additional parameters, such as sex ratio, urban-rural ratio, and the age structure of the diabetic population.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Age-specific diabetes prevalence estimates were applied to United Nations population estimates and projections for the number of adults aged ≥20 years in all countries of the world. For developing countries, urban and rural populations were considered separately
RESULTS Prevalence of diabetes in adults worldwide was estimated to be 4.0% in 1995 and to rise to 5.4% by the year 2025. It is higher in developed than in developing countries. The number of adults with diabetes in the world will rise from 135 million in 1995 to 300 million in the year 2025. The major part of this numerical increase will occur in developing countries. There will be a 42% increase, from 51 to 72 million, in the developed countries and a 170% increase, from 84 to 228 million, in the developing countries. Thus, by the year 2025, >75% of people with diabetes will reside in developing countries, as compared with 62% in 1995. The countries with the largest number of people with diabetes are, and will be in the year 2025, India, China, and the U.S. In developing countries, the majority of people with diabetes are in the age range of 45–64 years. In the developed countries, the majority of people with diabetes are aged ≥65 years. This pattern will be accentuated by the year 2025. There are more women than men with diabetes, especially in developed countries. In the future, diabetes will be increasingly concentrated in urban areas.
CONCLUSIONS This report supports earlier predictions of the epidemic nature of diabetes in the world during the first quarter of the 21st century. It also provides a provisional picture of the characteristics of the epidemic. Worldwide surveillance of diabetes is a necessary first step toward its prevention and control, which is now recognized as an urgent priority.
6,420 citations
"Advanced glycation endproducts in f..." refers background in this paper
...Type 2 diabetes (diabetes) is a global health problem of increasing prevalence and it has reached epidemic proportions in many countries (Amos et al., 1997; Danaei et al., 2011; Fox et al., 2006; King et al., 1998; Wild et al., 2004)....
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TL;DR: Glycaemia and diabetes are rising globally, driven both by population growth and ageing and by increasing age-specific prevalences, and effective preventive interventions are needed, and health systems should prepare to detect and manage diabetes and its sequelae.
3,410 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated whether increased oxidative stress has a primary role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications or whether it is a secondary indicator of end-stage tissue damage in diabetes.
Abstract: Oxidative stress and oxidative damage to tissues are common end points of chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. The question addressed in this review is whether increased oxidative stress has a primary role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications or whether it is a secondary indicator of end-stage tissue damage in diabetes. The increase in glycoxidation and lipoxidation products in plasma and tissue proteins suggests that oxidative stress is increased in diabetes. However, some of these products, such as 3-deoxyglucosone adducts to lysine and arginine residues, are formed independent of oxidation chemistry. Elevated levels of oxidizable substrates may also explain the increase in glycoxidation and lipoxidation products in tissue proteins, without the necessity of invoking an increase in oxidative stress. Further, age-adjusted levels of oxidized amino acids, a more direct indicator of oxidative stress, are not increased in skin collagen in diabetes. We propose that the increased chemical modification of proteins by carbohydrates and lipids in diabetes is the result of overload on metabolic pathways involved in detoxification of reactive carbonyl species, leading to a general increase in steady-state levels of reactive carbonyl compounds formed by both oxidative and nonoxidative reactions. The increase in glycoxidation and lipoxidation of tissue proteins in diabetes may therefore be viewed as the result of increased carbonyl stress. The distinction between oxidative and carbonyl stress is discussed along with the therapeutic implications of this difference.
2,310 citations