scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions.

01 Jan 1996-Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (Educational Publishing Foundation)-Vol. 1, Iss: 1, pp 27-41
TL;DR: The effort-reward imbalance model is proposed to assess adverse health effects of stressful experience at work: reciprocity of exchange in occupational life where high-cost/low-gain conditions are considered particularly stressful.
Abstract: In addition to the person-environment fit model (J. R. French, R. D. Caplan, & R. V. Harrison, 1982) and the demand-control model (R. A. Karasek & T. Theorell, 1990), a third theoretical concept is proposed to assess adverse health effects of stressful experience at work: the effort-reward imbalance model. The focus of this model is on reciprocity of exchange in occupational life where high-cost/low-gain conditions are considered particularly stressful. Variables measuring low reward in terms of low status control (e.g., lack of promotion prospects, job insecurity) in association with high extrinsic (e.g., work pressure) or intrinsic (personal coping pattern, e.g., high need for control) effort independently predict new cardiovascular events in a prospective study on blue-collar men. Furthermore, these variables partly explain prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, atherogenic lipids) in 2 independent studies. Studying adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions seems well justified, especially in view of recent developments of the labor market.
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors give a state-of-the-art overview of the job demands resources (JD•R) model and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the demand control model and the effort reward imbalance model regarding their predictive value for employee well being.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to give a state‐of‐the art overview of the Job Demands‐Resources (JD‐R) modelDesign/methodology/approach – The strengths and weaknesses of the demand‐control model and the effort‐reward imbalance model regarding their predictive value for employee well being are discussed. The paper then introduces the more flexible JD‐R model and discusses its basic premises.Findings – The paper provides an overview of the studies that have been conducted with the JD‐R model. It discusses evidence for each of the model's main propositions. The JD‐R model can be used as a tool for human resource management. A two‐stage approach can highlight the strengths and weaknesses of individuals, work groups, departments, and organizations at large.Originality/value – This paper challenges existing stress models, and focuses on both negative and positive indicators of employee well being. In addition, it outlines how the JD‐R model can be applied to a wide range of occupations, and be used to i...

7,681 citations


Cites background or methods from "Adverse health effects of high-effo..."

  • ...Would it not be possible that in certain work situations totally different resources prevail (for example inspirational leadership in an internet company, or open communication among reporters of a local TV station)? In a similar vein, the ERI-model (Siegrist, 1996) postulates salary, esteem reward, and status control as the most important job resources that may compensate for the impact of job demands on strain....

    [...]

  • ...Many studies have either used a laundry-list approach to predict employee well being, or they have relied on one of two influential job stress models, namely the demand-control model (Karasek, 1979) and the effort-reward imbalance model (Siegrist, 1996)....

    [...]

  • ...An alternative model, the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model (Siegrist, 1996) emphasizes the reward, rather than the control structure of work....

    [...]

  • ...In a similar vein, the ERI-model (Siegrist, 1996) postulates salary, esteem reward, and status control as the most important job resources that may compensate for the impact of job demands on strain....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI

3,628 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that psychological job characteristics are more similar across national boundaries than across occupations.
Abstract: This article consists of three parts. Part 1 discusses the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), designed to measure scales assessing psychological demands, decision latitude, social support, physical demands, and job insecurity. Part 2 reports the cross-national validity, for men and women, of the JCQ scales in six broadly representative populations from four advanced industrial societies: the United States, Canada, the Netherlands and Japan. JCQ scale means, standard deviations, reliabilities and correlations are compared. Part 3 reviews comparison of the intercountry and interoccupation differences in the scales, discusses specific scales issues and discusses the implications of the study for interpretation of psychosocial job asessment questionnaires.

3,571 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence for the buffering role of various job resources on the impact ofVarious job demands on burnout is provided and the future of the JD-R theory is looked at.
Abstract: The job demands-resources (JD-R) model was introduced in the international literature 15 years ago (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001). The model has been applied in thousands of organizations and has inspired hundreds of empirical articles, including 1 of the most downloaded articles of the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (Bakker, Demerouti, & Euwema, 2005). This article provides evidence for the buffering role of various job resources on the impact of various job demands on burnout. In the present article, we look back on the first 10 years of the JD-R model (2001-2010), and discuss how the model matured into JD-R theory (2011-2016). Moreover, we look at the future of the theory and outline which new issues in JD-R theory are worthwhile of investigation. We also discuss practical applications. It is our hope that JD-R theory will continue to inspire researchers and practitioners who want to promote employee well-being and effective organizational functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record

2,309 citations


Cites methods from "Adverse health effects of high-effo..."

  • ...Influential job stress models such as the demands-control model (Karasek, 1979) and the effort reward imbalance model—the latter featured in the first issue of JOHP (Siegrist, 1996)—were very different from the original JD-R model in that they only included a limited number of job demands and resources as predictors of job stress....

    [...]

  • ...The first article in which we reported statistical interactions was the JOHP article that came out about 10 years ago (Bakker et al., 2005) and that we briefly discussed in the opening paragraph....

    [...]

  • ...Our article in the 2005 issue of JOHP (Bakker et al., 2005) became one of the most downloaded articles of the journal....

    [...]

  • ...In JOHP’s year of inception, Lee and Ashforth (1996) published a meta-analysis of the correlates of job burnout and identified a wide range of job demands and job resources as possible causes of burnout....

    [...]

  • ...…stress models such as the demands-control model (Karasek, 1979) and the effort reward imbalance model—the latter featured in the first issue of JOHP (Siegrist, 1996)—were very different from the original JD-R model in that they only included a limited number of job demands and resources as…...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the job demands-resources model to examine the relationship between job characteristics, burnout, and (other-ratings of) performance, and found that job demands (e.g., work pressure and emotional demands) would be the most important antecedents of the exhaustion component of burnout.
Abstract: The job demands-resources (JD-R) model was used to examine the relationship between job characteristics, burnout, and (other-ratings of) performance (N = 146). We hypothesized that job demands (e.g., work pressure and emotional demands) would be the most important antecedents of the exhaustion component of burnout, which, in turn, would predict in-role performance (hypothesis 1). In contrast, job resources (e.g., autonomy and social support) were hypothesized to be the most important predictors of extra-role performance, through their relationship with the disengagement component of burnout (hypothesis 2). In addition, we predicted that job resources would buffer the relationship between job demands and exhaustion (hypothesis 3), and that exhaustion would be positively related to disengagement (hypothesis 4). The results of structural equation modeling analyses provided strong support for hypotheses 1, 2, and 4, but rejected hypothesis 3. These findings support the JD-R model's claim that job demands and job resources initiate two psychological processes, which eventually affect organizational outcomes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

2,103 citations


Cites result from "Adverse health effects of high-effo..."

  • ...This assumption is consistent with the demand-control model (DCM; Karasek, 1979) and the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model (Siegrist, 1996), but expands these models by claiming that several ....

    [...]

  • ...This assumption is consistent with the demand-control model (DCM; Karasek, 1979) and the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model (Siegrist, 1996), but expands these models by claiming that several ... when organizations do not provide or reward employees with job resources, the long-term consequence is…...

    [...]

References
More filters
Book
01 Dec 1934

10,737 citations

Book
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the person-environment relationship: motivation and coping Cognition and emotion Issues of causality, goal incongruent (negative) emotions Goal congruent (positive) and problematic emotions.
Abstract: Part I: BACKGROUND: About emotion Issues of research, classification and measurements Part II: THE COGNITIVE-MOTIVATIONAL-RELATIONAL THEORY: The person-environment relationship: motivation and coping Cognition and emotion Issues of causality Part III: INDIVIDUAL EMOTIONS: Goal incongruent (negative) emotions Goal congruent (positive) and problematic emotions Part IV: EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: Individual development Social influence Part V: PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Emotions and health Implications for research, assessment, treatment and disease prevention References Index.

8,565 citations

Book
26 Apr 1990
TL;DR: In this article, a strategy for redesigning jobs to reduce unnecessary stress and improve productivity and job satisfaction is proposed, which is based on the concept of job redesigning and re-designing.
Abstract: Suggests a strategy for redesigning jobs to reduce unnecessary stress and improve productivity and job satisfaction.

8,329 citations


"Adverse health effects of high-effo..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…the following answer: Lack of control over how to meet the job's demands and how one can use one's skills defines a state of arousal that inhibits learning; strain-induced inhibition of learning, in turn, further increases arousal by impairing confidence and self-esteem (Karasek & Theorell, 1990)....

    [...]

  • ...The two most important and empirically most successful conceptual approaches are the person-environment fit model developed by French et al. (1982) and the demand-control model developed by Karasek (1979) and elaborated further by Karasek and Theorell (1990) and by Johnson and Hall (1988)....

    [...]

  • ...Control is a major dimension in the second theoretical concept to be discussed here, the influential demand-control model of work stress (Karasek, 1979; Karasek & Theorell, 1990)....

    [...]

  • ...…majority of empirical tests of this model were successful, especially so with respect to cardiovascular disease (Schnall, Landsbergis, & Becker, 1994), and the model proved to be helpful in implementing structural changes of work organization in a number of enterprises (Karasek & Theorell, 1990)....

    [...]

  • ...In a salutogenic perspective , theories on social support (e.g., Berkman & Syme, 1979; House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988; Johnson & Johansson, 1991) and theories on health-promoting aspects of psychosocial working conditions (Karasek & Theorell, 1990; Siegrist, 19...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
29 Jul 1988-Science
TL;DR: Experimental and quasi-experimental studies suggest that social isolation is a major risk factor for mortality from widely varying causes and the mechanisms through which social relationships affect health remain to be explored.
Abstract: Recent scientific work has established both a theoretical basis and strong empirical evidence for a causal impact of social relationships on health. Prospective studies, which control for baseline health status, consistently show increased risk of death among persons with a low quantity, and sometimes low quality, of social relationships. Experimental and quasi-experimental studies of humans and animals also suggest that social isolation is a major risk factor for mortality from widely varying causes. The mechanisms through which social relationships affect health and the factors that promote or inhibit the development and maintenance of social relationships remain to be explored.

7,669 citations