Aedes aegypti resistance to temephos during 2001 in several municipalities in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe, and Alagoas, Brazil

doi:10.1590/S0074-02762004000200015

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Aedes aegypti resistance to temephos during 2001 in several municipalities in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe, and Alagoas, Brazil

Journal Article•DOI•

Aedes aegypti resistance to temephos during 2001 in several municipalities in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe, and Alagoas, Brazil

Ima Aparecida Braga¹, José Bento Pereira Lima¹, Sidinei da Silva Soares, Denise Valle¹•Institutions (1)

Oswaldo Cruz Foundation¹

01 Mar 2004-Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz)-Vol. 99, Iss: 2, pp 199-203

TL;DR: Exposure of larvae to the diagnostic dose of temephos revealed resistance in all localities examined, with mortality levels ranging from 4% (Pilares district, Rio de Janeiro, RJ) to 61.9% (Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ).

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Abstract: For more than 30 years temephos, an organophosphate insecticide, has been the sole larvicide used in Brazil in the control of Aedes aegypti. Organophosphates were also used for adult control, being replaced by pyrethroids since l999. In this same year, the Brazilian Health Foundation started the coordination of the Ae. aegypti Insecticide Resistance Monitoring Program. In the context of this program, our group was responsible for the detection of temephos resistance in a total of 12 municipalities in the states of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Alagoas (AL), and Sergipe (SE) during 2001. In each municipality, a pool of mosquitoes collected from different districts was used, with the exception of Rio de Janeiro city, where eight districts have been separately evaluated. Exposure of larvae to the diagnostic dose of temephos revealed resistance in all localities examined, with mortality levels ranging from 4% (Pilares district, Rio de Janeiro, RJ) to 61.9% (Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ). Quantification of mortality showed resistance ratios from 6.1 (Aracaju, SE) to 16.8 (Sao Goncalo, RJ and Penha district, Rio de Janeiro, RJ). The national dengue control program is presently using these data to subside insecticide resistance management.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Effects of essential oils on Aedes aegypti larvae: alternatives to environmentally safe insecticides.

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Wellington José da Silva¹, Grace Anne Azevedo Dória¹, R.T. Maia², Rogéria De Souza Nunes¹, Gílcia Aparecida de Carvalho², Arie Fitzgerald Blank¹, Péricles Barreto Alves¹, Rosilene M. Marçal¹, Sócrates Cabral de Holanda Cavalcanti¹ - Show less +5 more•Institutions (2)

Universidade Federal de Sergipe¹, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco²

01 May 2008-Bioresource Technology

TL;DR: The essential oil of Lippia gracilis showed potent insecticidal effect against Aedes aegypti larvae, the vector of dengue fever, and minor compounds are probably acting synergistically to achieve H. fruticosa activity.

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210 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The classification of esterases: an important gene family involved in insecticide resistance - A review

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Isabela Reis Montella¹, Renata Schama¹, Renata Schama², Denise Valle¹, Denise Valle² - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

Oswaldo Cruz Foundation¹, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro²

01 Jun 2012-Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

TL;DR: Joint genomic, biochemical and microarray studies will help unravel the classification of this complex gene family, which appears to be rapidly evolving and each insect species has a unique complement of detoxification genes with only a few orthologues across species.

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Abstract: The use of chemical insecticides continues to play a major role in the control of disease vector populations, which is leading to the global dissemination of insecticide resistance. A greater capacity to detoxify insecticides, due to an increase in the expression or activity of three major enzyme families, also known as metabolic resistance, is one major resistance mechanisms. The esterase family of enzymes hydrolyse ester bonds, which are present in a wide range of insecticides; therefore, these enzymes may be involved in resistance to the main chemicals employed in control programs. Historically, insecticide resistance has driven research on insect esterases and schemes for their classification. Currently, several different nomenclatures are used to describe the esterases of distinct species and a universal standard classification does not exist. The esterase gene family appears to be rapidly evolving and each insect species has a unique complement of detoxification genes with only a few orthologues across species. The examples listed in this review cover different aspects of their biochemical nature. However, they do not appear to contribute to reliably distinguish among the different resistance mechanisms. Presently, the phylogenetic criterion appears to be the best one for esterase classification. Joint genomic, biochemical and microarray studies will help unravel the classification of this complex gene family.

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204 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti populations from Ceará, Brazil

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Estelita Pereira Lima¹, Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva², Ana Paula de Araújo², Ellyda Vanessa Gomes da Silva², Ulisses Mariano da Silva, Lúcia Nogueira de Oliveira, Antônio Euzébio Goulart Santana³, Clarisse Nogueira Barbosa¹, Clovis C de Paiva Neto¹, Craig S. Wilding⁴, Constância Flávia Junqueira Ayres², Maria Alice Varjal de Melo Santos² - Show less +8 more•Institutions (4)

Federal University of Ceará¹, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation², Federal University of Alagoas³, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine⁴

12 Jan 2011-Parasites & Vectors

TL;DR: Two A. aegypti populations from Ceará are under strong selection pressure by temephos, compromising the field effectiveness of this organophosphate, and resistance to cypermethrin is shown in two of the three populations studied.

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Abstract: Organophosphates and pyrethroids are used widely in Brazil to control Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue viruses, under the auspices of the National Programme for Dengue Control. Resistance to these insecticides is widespread throughout Brazil. In Ceara the vector is present in 98% of districts and resistance to temephos has been reported previously. Here we measure resistance to temephos and the pyrethroid cypermethrin in three populations from Ceara and use biochemical and molecular assays to characterise resistance mechanisms. Resistance to temephos varied widely across the three studied populations, with resistance ratios (RR95) of 7.2, 30 and 192.7 in Juazeiro do Norte, Barbalha and Crato respectively. The high levels of resistance detected in Barbalha and Crato (RR95 ≥ 30) imply a reduction of temephos efficacy, and indeed in simulated field tests reduced effectiveness was observed for the Barbalha population. Two populations (Crato and Barbalha) were also resistant to cypermethrin, whilst Juazeiro do Norte showed only an altered susceptibility. The Ile1011Met kdr mutation was detected in all three populations and Val1016Ile in Crato and Juazeiro do Norte. 1011Met was significantly associated with resistance to cypermethrin in the Crato population. Biochemical tests showed that only the activity of esterases and GSTs, among the tested detoxification enzymes, was altered in these populations when compared with the Rockefeller strain. Our results demonstrate that two A. aegypti populations from Ceara are under strong selection pressure by temephos, compromising the field effectiveness of this organophosphate. Our results also provide evidence that the process of reducing resistance to this larvicide in the field is difficult and slow and may require more than seven years for reversal. In addition, we show resistance to cypermethrin in two of the three populations studied, and for the first time the presence of the allele 1016Ile in mosquito populations from northeastern Brazil. A significant association between 1011M et and resistance was observed in one of the populations. Target-site mechanisms seem not to be implicated in temephos resistance, reinforcing the idea that for the studied populations, detoxification enzymes most likely play a major role in the resistance to this insecticide.

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204 citations

Cites background from "Aedes aegypti resistance to temepho..."

...aegypti, run by the National Programme for Dengue Control (Programa Nacional de Controle da Dengue PNCD) [3,4]....
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...The first signs of incipient resistance to temephos were registered in 1999 in mosquito populations from the State of São Paulo [6], and in other states since 2001 [4]....
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...Over the last 10 years, resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides employed for control of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti has been detected in all Brazilian regions, including Rio de Janeiro [4,12], Espírito Santo [35] and São Paulo [7,9-12] representing the Southeast, in all states from the Northeast region, in Distrito Federal and Goiás representing the Midwest region, and in Pará and Amazonas representing the North [8]....
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...Braga IA, Lima JB, Soares SS, Valle D: Aedes aegypti resistance to temephos during 2001 in several municipalities in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe, and Alagoas, Brazil....
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...Lima JB, Da-Cunha MP, Da Silva RC, Galardo AK, Soares SS, Braga IA, Ramos RP, Valle D: Resistance of Aedes aegypti to organophosphates in several municipalities in the State of Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo, Brazil....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms of Brazilian Aedes aegypti Populations from 2001 to 2004

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Isabela Reis Montella¹, Ademir Jesus Martins, Priscila Fernandes Viana-Medeiros, José Bento Pereira Lima, Ima Aparecida Braga, Denise Valle - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Oswaldo Cruz Foundation¹

01 Sep 2007-American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

TL;DR: In Brazil, Aedes aegypti resistance to temephos, used since 1967, was detected in several municipalities in 2000, and Gluthathione-S-transferase alteration was encountered only in the northeast region in 2001, spreading the entire country thereafter.

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Abstract: In Brazil, Aedes aegypti resistance to temephos, used since 1967, was detected in several municipalities in 2000. Organophosphates were substituted by pyrethroids against adults and, in some localities, by Bti against larvae. However, high temephos resistance ratios were still detected between 2001 and 2004. Field-simulated assays confirmed a low temephos residual effect. Acethylcholinesterase and Mixed Function Oxidase profiles were not altered. In contrast, higher Esterase activity, studied with three substrates, was found in all examined populations collected in 2001. From 2001 to 2004, a slight reduction in α-Esterase (EST) and β-EST activity together with a gradual increase of p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA)-EST was noted. Gluthathione-S-transferase alteration was encountered only in the northeast region in 2001, spreading the entire country thereafter. In general, except for α-EST and β-EST, only one enzyme class was altered in each mosquito specimen. Data are discussed in the context of historic application of insecticides in Brazil.

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190 citations

Cites background or methods or result from "Aedes aegypti resistance to temepho..."

...In the former city, this corresponds to twice the RR quantified in 2001.(8) In the NE region, generally higher RR levels were noted in 2004 compared with previous evaluations....
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...In the NE region, generally higher RR levels were noted in 2004 compared with previous evaluations.(8) This may reflect either a non-effective interruption of temephos application or potential cross-resistance with insecticides later uncontrollably introduced....
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...aegypti populations from several municipalities of the northeast and southeast regions.(8) Alterations in the susceptibility status to pyrethroids were also detected in some localities in 2001 and in 2002–2003....
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...Ovitraps were adopted to collect mosquitoes complying with MoReNAa network recommendations.(7,8,14) In almost all cases, F1 (preferably) or F2 specimens were used....
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...Results from different temephos dose-response assays of the same mosquito population were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests, exactly as described before.(8) If significant differences were found (P < 0....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Larvicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using fungus Cochliobolus lunatus against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera; Culicidae)

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Rahul B. Salunkhe¹, Satish V. Patil¹, Chandrashekhar D. Patil¹, Bipinchandra K. Salunke¹•Institutions (1)

North Maharashtra University¹

31 Mar 2011-Parasitology Research

TL;DR: This is the first report on mosquito larvicidal activity of mycosynthesized nanoparticles and the use of fungus C. lunatus to synthesize silver nanoparticles is a rapid, eco-friendly, and a single-step approach and the AgNps formed can be potential mosquito larVicidal agents.

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Abstract: Larvicides play a vital role in controlling mosquitoes in their breeding sites. The present study was carried out to establish the larvicidal activities of mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against vectors: Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi responsible for diseases of public health importance. The AgNPs synthesized by filamentous fungus Cochliobolus lunatus, characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The characterization studies confirmed the spherical shape and size (3–21 nm) of silver nanoparticles. The efficacy of mycosynthesized AgNPs at all the tested concentrations (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, and 0.3125 ppm) against second, third, and fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti (LC50 1.29, 1.48, and 1.58; LC90 3.08, 3.33, and 3.41 ppm) and against A. stephensi (LC50 1.17, 1.30, and 1.41; LC90 2.99, 3.13, and 3.29 ppm) were observed, respectively. The mortality rates were positively correlated with the concentration of AgNPs. Significant (P < 0.05) changes in the larval mortality was also recorded between the period of exposure against fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti and A. stephensi. The possible larvicidal activity may be due to penetration of nanoparticles through membrane. Toxicity studies carried out against non-target fish species Poecilia reticulata, the most common organism in the habitats of A. aegypti and A. stephensi showed no toxicity at LC50 and LC90 doses of the AgNPs. This is the first report on mosquito larvicidal activity of mycosynthesized nanoparticles. Thus, the use of fungus C. lunatus to synthesize silver nanoparticles is a rapid, eco-friendly, and a single-step approach and the AgNps formed can be potential mosquito larvicidal agents.

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185 citations

Cites background from "Aedes aegypti resistance to temepho..."

...More importantly, the incidences of resistance to larvicides of mosquito larvae have been reported (Braga et al. 2004; Melo-Santos et al. 2010)....
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Abstract: A process for altering the insect host range (spectrum) of pesticidal toxins comprises recombining in vitro the variable region(s) (non-homologous) of two or more genes encoding a pesticidal toxin Specifically exemplified is the recombining of the variable regions of two genes obtained from well-known strains of Bacillus thurinaiensis var kurstaki The resulting products are chimeric toxins which are shown to have an expanded and/or amplified insect host range as compared to the parent toxins

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Michigan State University¹

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TL;DR: Descriptions of the World Health Organization standard methods of assessing susceptibility or resistance in larval and in adult mosquitoes are presented, and the evaluation of their results are discussed.

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Abstract: Descriptions of the World Health Organization standard methods of assessing susceptibility or resistance in larval and in adult mosquitoes are presented, and the evaluation of their results are discussed. Other susceptibility test methods are also mentioned, including those based on esterase zymograms. Recent work on the biochemical mechanisms of resistance and cross-resistance are reviewed, along with possible countermeasures for the problem of mosquito resistance, now known in 113 species of culicines and anophelines.

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Enhancement of the CDC ovitrap with hay infusions for daily monitoring of Aedes aegypti populations.

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Paul Reiter¹, Amador Ma, Colon N•Institutions (1)

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TL;DR: An ovitrap containing hay infusion and a second Ovitrap adjacent to it containing a 10% dilution of the infusion in tap water together yielded 8 times more Aedes aegypti eggs than single CDC ovitraps containing tap water.

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Abstract: An ovitrap containing hay infusion and a second ovitrap adjacent to it containing a 10% dilution of the infusion in tap water together yielded 8 times more Aedes aegypti eggs than single CDC ovitraps containing tap water. These "enhanced pairs" were significantly more attractive than pairs with other combinations of infusion, water or methyl propionate, and have proven useful for daily monitoring of Ae. aegypti populations. Our results shed light on the oviposition behavior of Ae. aegypti in the field.

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Journal Article•DOI•

RESISTANCE OF AEDES AEGYPTI TO ORGANOPHOSPHATES IN SEVERAL MUNICIPALITIES IN THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO AND ESPíRITO SANTO, BRAZIL

[...]

José Bento Pereira Lima¹, Marcella Pereira da-Cunha, Ronaldo Carneiro Da Silva Júnior, Allan Kardec Ribeiro Galardo, Sidinei da Silva Soares, Ima Aparecida Braga, Ricardo Pimentel Ramos, Denise Valle - Show less +4 more•Institutions (1)

Oswaldo Cruz Foundation¹

01 Mar 2003-American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

TL;DR: Exposure of larvae to a diagnostic dose of temephos showed in alterations in susceptibility in all populations, and adults from only one municipality remained susceptible to both fenitrothion and malathion.

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Abstract: Chemical insecticides have been widely used in Brazil for several years. This exposes mosquito populations to an intense selection pressure for resistance to insecticides. In 1999, the Brazilian National Health Foundation started the first program designed to monitor the resistance of Aedes aegypti to insecticides. We analyzed populations from 10 municipalities (from 84 selected in Brazil) in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo. Exposure of larvae to a diagnostic dose of temephos showed in alterations in susceptibility in all populations. Mosquitoes from eight municipalities exhibited resistance, with mortality levels ranging from 74% (Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro) to 23.5% (Sao Goncalo, Rio de Janeiro). The resistance ratios of mosquitoes from three municipalities ranged from 3.59 to 12.41. Adults from only one municipality (Nova Iguacu, Rio de Janeiro) remained susceptible to both fenitrothion and malathion. These results are being used to define new local vector control strategies.

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234 citations

"Aedes aegypti resistance to temepho..." refers background or methods or result in this paper

...In the state of RJ, the comparison with 1999 data (Lima et al. 2003) indicated mortality rates equivalent to the present ones in Campos dos Goytacazes (74% in 1999 and 61.9% in 2001) and Niterói (34.6% in 1999 and 44% in 2001)....
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...At that time, calibrations performed by our group confirmed the concentration of 0.006 mg/l as the temephos LC99 (Lima et al. 2003)....
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...The number of ovitraps placed in the field was based on the number of buildings in each locality, as described previously (Lima et al. 2003)....
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...Bioassays were done with the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) protocol, described elsewhere (WHO 1981a, Lima et al. 2003), using 0.006 mg/l temephos as the diagnostic dose (twice the concentration of the dose that kills 99% of a susceptible strain – LC99 –, as defined by WHO (1981a, b)....
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...During the 1999 monitoring, the RR90 of three municipalities of RJ (Duque de Caxias, São Gonçalo, and São João de Meriti) was calculated (Lima et al. 2003)....
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