After effects of noise-induced sleep disturbances on inhibitory functions.
TL;DR: Noise-induced sleep disturbances may be more sensitive indicators of moderate sleep disturbances caused by noise than performance measures, and decisional processes underlying overt responses are less vulnerable to noise-disturbed sleep than those related to inhibition.
About: This article is published in Life Sciences.The article was published on 2006-02-02. It has received 22 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Sleep disorder.
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TL;DR: Results suggest that temperament-based vulnerability serves as a statistical moderator of the link between poverty-related risk and children's executive functioning and implications for models of ecology and biology in shaping the development of children's self-regulation are discussed.
Abstract: In a predominantly low-income, population-based longitudinal sample of 1,259 children followed from birth, results suggest that chronic exposure to poverty and the strains of financial hardship were each uniquely predictive of young children's performance on measures of executive functioning. Results suggest that temperament-based vulnerability serves as a statistical moderator of the link between poverty-related risk and children's executive functioning. Implications for models of ecology and biology in shaping the development of children's self-regulation are discussed.
343 citations
TL;DR: Evidence suggesting that background noise has both transient and sustained detrimental effects on central speech processing is reviewed to stress the importance to re-evaluate which noise levels can be considered safe for brain functions and raise concerns on the speech and cognitive abilities of individuals living in noisy environments.
66 citations
Cites background from "After effects of noise-induced slee..."
...Sustained effects of noise on neural responses have recently been demonstrated with ERP recordings that were carried out after short (Schapkin et al., 2006) or long periods (Kujala et al., 2004; Brattico et al., 2005) of noise exposure....
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...Schapkin et al. (2006) showed that the N2 and P3 responses in visual Go-NoGo tasks are smaller after nights during which railway noise was presented while the subjects were sleeping than after quiet nights....
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...Sustained effects of noise on neural responses have recently been demonstrated with ERP recordings that were carried out after short (Schapkin et al., 2006) or long periods (Kujala et al....
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TL;DR: It is concluded that preretrieval processes associated with preparation to make a memory judgment are impaired, leading to greater reliance on postretrival processes, consistent with the view that impairments in executive control significantly contribute to deficits in controlled retrieval.
Abstract: Age-related cognitive impairments often include difficulty retrieving memories, particularly those that rely on executive control. In this paper we discuss the influence of the prefrontal cortex on memory retrieval, and the specific memory processes associated with the prefrontal cortex that decline in late adulthood. We conclude that preretrieval processes associated with preparation to make a memory judgment are impaired, leading to greater reliance on postretrieval processes. This is consistent with the view that impairments in executive control significantly contribute to deficits in controlled retrieval. Finally, we discuss age-related changes in sleep as a potential mechanism that contributes to deficiencies in executive control that are important for efficient retrieval. The sleep literature points to the importance of slow-wave sleep in restoration of prefrontal cortex function. Given that slow-wave sleep significantly declines with age, we hypothesize that age-related changes in slow-wave sleep could mediate age-related decline in executive control, manifesting a robust deficit in controlled memory retrieval processes. Interventions, like physical activity, that improve sleep could be effective methods to enhance controlled memory processes in late life.
52 citations
Cites methods from "After effects of noise-induced slee..."
...[110] examined ERPs associated with Go and NoGo trials....
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...[110] used a Go-NoGo paradigm to test the hypothesis that inhibitory processing is impaired with sleep disruption....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between noise and school children's executive functioning (EF) and found no significant main effects of ambient noise levels on EF, however, a significant interaction indicated adverse noise impacts on boy's EF.
33 citations
TL;DR: Evaluated performance monitoring in a controlled study of experimental sleep deprivation using a traditional Flanker task provided insight into the neural underpinnings of performance failure during sleepiness and have implications for workplace and driving safety.
31 citations
References
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TL;DR: EMCP permits retention of all trials in an ERP experiment, irrespective of ocular artifact, and has the advantage that separate correction factors are computed for blinks and movements and that these factors are based on data from the experimental session itself rather than from a separate calibration session.
4,803 citations
TL;DR: The utility of P3 amplitude as a sensitive and diagnostic measure of processing capacity remains limited because the two principal task variables that have been used to manipulate capacity allocation have opposite effects on the amplitude.
Abstract: The present review focuses on the utility of the amplitude of P3 of as a measure of processing capacity and mental workload. The paper starts with a brief outline of the conceptual framework underlying the relationship between P3 amplitude and task demands, and the cognitive task manipulations that determine demands on capacity. P3 amplitude results are then discussed on the basis of an extensive review of the relevant literature. It is concluded that although it has often been assumed that P3 amplitude depends on the capacity for processing task relevant stimuli, the utility of P3 amplitude as a sensitive and diagnostic measure of processing capacity remains limited. The major factor that prompts this conclusion is that the two principal task variables that have been used to manipulate capacity allocation, namely task difficulty and task emphasis, have opposite effects on the amplitude of P3. I suggest that this is because, in many tasks, an increase in difficulty transforms the structure or actual content of the flow of information in the processing systems, thereby interfering with the very processes that underlie P3 generation. Finally, in an attempt to theoretically integrate the results of the reviewed studies, it is proposed that P3 amplitude reflects activation of elements in a event-categorization network that is controlled by the joint operation of attention and working memory.
1,577 citations
TL;DR: Results are consistent with the view that the N2 in go/no-go tasks reflects conflict arising from competition between the execution and the inhibition of a single response, and suggest previous conceptions of the no-go N2 as indexing response inhibition may be in need of revision.
Abstract: Neuroimaging and computational modeling studies have led to the suggestion that response conflict monitoring by the anterior cingulate cortex plays a key role in cognitive control. For example, response conflict is high when a response must be withheld (no-go) in contexts in which there is a prepotent tendency to make an overt (go) response. An event-related brain potential (ERP) component, the N2, is more pronounced on no-go than on go trials and was previously thought to reflect the need to inhibit the go response. However, the N2 may instead reflect the high degree of response conflict on no-go trials. If so, an N2 should also be apparent when subjects make a go response in conditions in which no-go events are more common. To test this hypothesis, we collected high-density ERP data from subjects performing a go/no-go task, in which the relative frequency of go versus no-go stimuli was varied. Consistent with our hypothesis, an N2 was apparent on both go and no-go trials and showed the properties expected of an ERP measure of conflict detection on correct trials: (1) It was enhanced for low-frequency stimuli, irrespective of whether these stimuli were associated with generating or suppressing a response, and (2) it was localized to the anterior cingulate cortex. This suggests that previous conceptions of the no-go N2 as indexing response inhibition may be in need of revision. Instead, the results are consistent with the view that the N2 in go/no-go tasks reflects conflict arising from competition between the execution and the inhibition of a single response.
1,184 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the treatment mean square and the treatment group interaction can be tested in the same approximate fashion by using the Box procedure, and that the conservative test would be $F(1, n - 1).
Abstract: The mixed model in a 2-way analysis of variance is characterized by a fixed classification, e.g., treatments, and a random classification, e.g., plots or individuals. If we consider $k$ different treatments each applied to everyone of $n$ individuals, and assume the usual analysis of variance assumptions of uncorrelated errors, equal variances and normality, an appropriate analysis for the set of $nk$ observations $x_{ij}, i = 1, 2, \cdots n, j = 1, 2, \cdots k$, is ???? where the $F$ ratio under the null hypothesis has the $F$ distribution with $(k - 1)$ and $(k - 1)(n - 1)$ degrees of freedom. As is well known, if we extend the situation so that the errors have equal correlations instead of being uncorrelated, the $F$ ratio has the same distribution. Under the null hypothesis, the numerator estimates the same quantity as the denominator, namely, $(1 - \rho)\sigma^2$, where $\rho$ is the constant correlation coefficient among the treatments. This case can also be considered as a sampling of $n$ vectors (individuals) from a $k$-variate normal population with variance-covariance matrix $$V = \sigma^2 \begin{pmatrix} 1 & \rho & \cdots & \rho \\ \rho & & & \vdots \\ \vdots & & & \rho \\ \rho & \cdots & \rho & 1\end{pmatrix}.$$ If we consider this type of formulation and suppose the $k$ treatment errors to have a multivariate normal distribution with unknown variance-covariance matrix (the same for each individual), then the usual test described above is valid for $k = 2$. For $k > 2$, and $n \geqq k$, Hotelling's $T^2$ is the appropriate test for the homogeneity of the treatment means. However, the working statistician is sometimes confronted with the case where $k > n$, or he does not have the adequate means for computing large order inverse matrices and would therefore like to use the original test ratio which in general does not have the requisite $F$ distribution. Box [1] and [2] has given an approximate distribution of the test ratio to be $F\lbrack(k - 1)\epsilon, (k - 1)(n - 1)\epsilon\rbrack$ where $\epsilon$ is a function of the population variances and covariances and may further be approximated by the sample variances and covariances. We show in Section 3 that $\epsilon \geqq (k - 1)^{-1}$, and therefore a conservative test would be $F(1, n - 1)$. Box referred only to one group of $n$ individuals. We shall extend his results to a frequently occurring case, namely, the analysis of $g$ groups where the $\alpha$th group has $n_\alpha$ individuals, $\alpha = 1, 2, \cdots g$, and $\Sigma^g_{\alpha = 1} n_\alpha = N$. We will show that the treatment mean square and the treatment $\times$ group interaction can be tested in the same approximate fashion by using the Box procedure.
1,102 citations