Age and gender recognition for telephone applications based on GMM supervectors and support vector machines
Summary (2 min read)
Introduction
- Indeed, at first sight, it presents claims that carry significant empirical and normative appeal.
- It becomes pernicious, however, when applied to deify the mind and character of elite private lawyers.
Michigan Law Review
- To a "transactional" client-firm relationship'0o narrow the opportunities for lawyers to cultivate the "capacity" for ends-oriented judgment needed for third-personal deliberation.
- °2 Kronman's wise counselor displays "a cultivated subtlety of judgment whose possession constitutes a valuable trait of character, as distinct from mere technical skill" (p. 295).
- That judgment values the practice of law as an "intrinsic good" not as an instrumental enterprise for the pursuit of commercial or public interests (pp. 295-96).
- Kronman emphasizes practical wisdom as a trait of character acquired "only through the experience of having to make the sorts of decisions that demand it - only through an extended apprenticeship in judgment.".
- Gutmann remarks: "In the service of social justice, law at its best enlists the practical judgment of lawyers, and (as the authors have seen) the exercise of practical judgment by lawyers requires deliberation with clients, the mutual interchange of relevant information, and understanding.".
109, 116). He treats that method "as an instrument for the develop-
- Ment of moral imagination" designed to provoke a "bifocality" of sympathies, understandings, and attitudes informed by lawyer partisanship and judicial neutrality (p. 113).
- The methodological interplay of partisanship and neutrality fashions a "complex exercise in advocacy and detachment" that confers "new perceptual habits" and enhances "empathic understanding" (pp. 113-15).
- Kronman expounds that the moral-educative content of the case method provides a counterweight to academic relativism.
- The case method fosters the "transference" of this neutral dispositional trait through student mimicking of the judicial role (p. 119).
- That tradition explicitly rejects an experiential, common law model of legal education and professionalism founded on the "practitioner's worldly wisdom" (pp. 174-75, 179).
98. P. 308. Kronman considers large firms more congenial to women and blacks.
- Vomen, he observes, "are joining large firms in numbers that are roughly proportionate to their representation in the pool of qualified applicants" P. 292.
- Whatever "competitive disadvantage" women suffer, therefore, stems from personal preference, not institutional practice.
- According to Kronman, the "real challenge" confronting women is neither the gendered definition of job qualifications nor overt and covert patterns of discrimination, but "finding the time and energy to do their jobs in the way and on the terms their firms demand, while also meeting family responsibilities" Pp. 292-93.
- Blacks, by comparison, though "still not a significant presence" in large firms, furnish Kronman with evidence of "some signs" of institutional advancement.
- Altman asserts that recent institutional changes "may have further undercut the strength of the lawyer-statesman ideal," but "were not in fact the cause of that ideal's decline or, in turn, of the current dissatisfaction in the American legal profession.".
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Citations
701 citations
Cites background from "Age and gender recognition for tele..."
...Automatic age recognition can be used in security applications, age-restriction applications, and others [31]....
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566 citations
Cites background from "Age and gender recognition for tele..."
...This achievement unlocked many practical applications of voice assistants which are now used in many fields from customer support [6, 47], to autonomous cars [41], or smart homes [16, 26]....
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285 citations
Cites background or methods from "Age and gender recognition for tele..."
...Significant improvements were reported later by Bocklet et al. 2008) using a GMM-SVM supervector approach....
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...Note that the test conditions in Bocklet et al. (2008) were different rom the original evaluation conditions....
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176 citations
Cites methods from "Age and gender recognition for tele..."
...Furthermore, techniques from speaker verification and language identification applications such as GMM–SVM mean supervector systems (Bocklet et al., 2008), nuisance attribute projection (NAP) (Dobry et al., 2009), anchor models (Dobry et al., 2009; Kockmann et al., 2010) and…...
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93 citations
Cites background from "Age and gender recognition for tele..."
..., for speaker identification [16], or age determination [17]....
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References
15,696 citations
4,673 citations
"Age and gender recognition for tele..." refers methods in this paper
...Index Terms— Acoustic signal analysis, speaker classification, age, gender, Gaussian mixture models (GMM), support vector machine (SVM)...
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2,430 citations
"Age and gender recognition for tele..." refers methods in this paper
...Furthermore the first order derivatives are computed by a regression line over 5 consecutive frames....
[...]
2,255 citations
"Age and gender recognition for tele..." refers methods in this paper
...Index Terms— Acoustic signal analysis, speaker classification, age, gender, Gaussian mixture models (GMM), support vector machine (SVM)...
[...]
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Frequently Asked Questions (9)
Q2. What is the scenario of the corpus?
The scenario of the corpus is telephone speech, where the speakers called an automatic recording system and read a set of words, sentences and digits.
Q3. What is the result of the GMM-UBM system?
But with 512 Gaussian densities, MAP adaptation, full covariance matrices and a linear kernel the authors achieved a recall of 74% and a precision of 77%.
Q4. What is the suc-cessful system for identifying a speaker?
The most suc-cessful systems used Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFFCs) and either performed multiple phoneme recognition or modeled the different age classes with Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs).
Q5. What is the simplest way to extract the MFCCs?
After extraction of the MFCCs a Universal Background Model (UBM) is created by employing all the available training data, using the ExpectationMaximization (EM) algorithm [8].
Q6. how did the authors use the GMM supervector-based SVM approach?
The authors applied the GMM supervector-based SVM approach to the field of automatic age recognition in combination with gender recognition.
Q7. What was the purpose of the study?
In order to simulate a mismatched condition of training and test data the authors also evaluated the system on a 23 speaker subset of the VoiceClass corpus.
Q8. What other examples are used to adapt the ASR system to a certain customer?
Other examples are the adaptation of the waiting queue music, the offer of age dependent advertisements to callers in the waiting queue or to change the speaking habits of the text-to-speech module of the ASR system.
Q9. What is the simplest way to classify a speaker?
The GMM supervectors can be regarded as a mapping from the utterance of a speaker (in their case the MFCCs) to a high-dimensional feature vector.