Air Pollution in Micro-Environments: A Case Study of India Habitat Centre Enclosed Vehicular Parking, New Delhi:
TL;DR: Indoor air pollution deteriorates the quality of air present in the household or enclosed areas as mentioned in this paper, the polluted air present contains hazardous pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides, v...
Abstract: Indoor air pollution deteriorates the quality of air present in the household or enclosed areas. The polluted air present contains hazardous pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides, v...
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TL;DR: In this paper, a preliminary assessment of the potential to reduce outdoor PM concentrations by local removal inside semi-enclosed parking garages is performed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based on the 3D steady RANS equations and an Eulerian advection-diffusion equation.
59 citations
Cites background or methods from "Air Pollution in Micro-Environments..."
...Studies focused on PM in parking garages were mostly field studies (e.g. Majestic et al., 2009; Obaidullah et al., 2013; Samal et al., 2013; Vukovic et al., 2014)....
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...Several studies have focused on PM in parking garages, although – as mentioned earlier – most of these were field studies (e.g. Majestic et al., 2009; Obaidullah et al., 2013; Samal et al., 2013; Vukovic et al., 2014)....
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...Samal et al. (2013) measured PM in an enclosed parking garage finding concentrations much higher than ambient values, with an average of 100 μg/m3 up to a maximum 234 μg/m3 for PM2....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted in two office buildings and one educational building in Delhi during pre-monsoon, where CO 2, PM 2.5 and VOCs were measured inside each building at every 5min interval between 9:30 AM and 5:30 PM for 5 days every week.
Abstract: Nearly 30% of total population and over 2 million students of Delhi spent above 1/3rd of their daily time in different office buildings and educational institutions of Delhi, of which the ambient air quality is reportedly worst in the globe. However, studies on indoor air quality of non-residential buildings are scarce in India. Present study was conducted in two office buildings and one educational building in Delhi during pre-monsoon. CO 2 , PM 2.5 and VOCs were measured inside each building at every 5 min interval between 9:30 AM and 5:30 PM for 5 days every week. The average CO 2 concentration in both office buildings (1513 ppm and 1338 ppm) was recorded much higher than the ASHRAE standard. Ductless air-conditioning system couple with poor air-circulation and active air-filtration could be attributed to significantly higher concentration of PM 2.5 in one of the office buildings (43.8 μg m −3 ). However, there was significant variation in the concentration of different pollutants at different locations in a building. Among different non-residential buildings, significantly lower concentration of all pollutants was recorded in the educational building (CO 2 : 672 ppm; PM 2.5 : 22.8 μg m −3 and VOC: 0.08 ppm). Total hazard ratio analysis ranks one of the office buildings as most hazardous to workers health compared to others.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present ventilation guidelines for underground parking lots for building designers, classified into those for natural ventilation and those for mechanical ventilation, and the guidelines are classified into two categories: natural ventilation guidelines and mechanical ventilation guidelines.
Abstract: This study presents ventilation guidelines for underground parking lots for building designers. The guidelines are classified into those for natural ventilation and those for mechanical ventilation...
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a performance-based ventilation system for a shopping center carpark to determine the potential minimum ventilation exhaust rate levels, which is in compliance with the current Worksafe Australia and WHO CO exposure limits.
Abstract: Carparks are constructed to provide a certain number of car spaces for visitors, shoppers and/or clients of a commercial facility. The required ventilation system design is generally based on local standards provided by local authorities. The purpose of the current study is to develop a performance based ventilation system for a shopping center carpark. The aim of the study is to undertake computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling of the carpark to determine the potential minimum ventilation exhaust rate levels. Results showed that the proposed carpark exhaust system was considered acceptable and no modifications were required. The CO concentration levels in all areas, except within the immediate vicinity of car exhaust plumes, were below 100 ppm. The average predicted CO rise was less than 25 ppm across the carpark which is in compliance with the current Worksafe Australia and WHO CO exposure limits. Moreover, results indicated that the 64,000 l/s exhaust air flowrate was sufficient, and could be reduced to 50,000 l/s. From a financial point of view, it was concluded that the removal of the outlet grilles located at the Southern wall of the Commuters section of the carpark was an acceptable alternative. This cost saving is based on the potential deletion of a fan system, plenum arrangement and shaft which are required as part of the deemed-to-satisfy system design.
9 citations
Cites background from "Air Pollution in Micro-Environments..."
...The occurrence of lung cancer was high with people exposed to car emissions [5] similar to those of underground carparks [6, 7]....
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01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have studied the indoor air quality of four different air-conditioned office buildings located in Delhi NCR for the criteria pollutant PM2.5 and the CO2 as ventilation parameter.
Abstract: Delhi ranks highest among the most polluted city in the world in terms of air pollution. Its health impact may include diseases like asthma, lung cancer, COPD, increased long-term risk of cardiopulmonary mortality. Degraded indoor air quality inside commercial buildings such as offices may affect the health of the workers and can indirectly affect their productivity. In the present study, indoor air quality has been studied in four different air-conditioned office buildings located in Delhi NCR for the criteria pollutant PM2.5 and the CO2 as ventilation parameter. The total hazard ratio indicator has also been calculated from the data of PM2.5 and CO2 for all selected office premises. The results of the study show the highest concentration of PM2.5 in building A1 (116.5 ± 67 µg/m3) and highest CO2 concentration in building A2 (1600 + 30.5 ppm). Higher concentration of PM2.5 in building A1 could be due to its maximum proximity to urban busy roads and poorly maintained HVAC ducting system, which may lead to infiltration and more leakages of PM2.5 from outdoors. Similarly, the highest concentration of CO2 in building A2 could be due to insufficient ventilation condition. In each studied building, the concentration of CO2 and PM2.5 are recorded to be higher than the NAAQS and ASHRAE standards. The health hazard ratio indicates that both CO2 and PM2.5 plays an important role in determining the health of the building and its occupants. However, the health impacts of increased PM2.5 could be more severe than CO2 depending upon the sources of PM2.5.
7 citations
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TL;DR: It is the opinion of the writing group that the overall evidence is consistent with a causal relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Abstract: In 2004, the first American Heart Association scientific statement on “Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease” concluded that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to card...
5,227 citations
TL;DR: Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health, affecting a number of different systems and organs, and ranges from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults.
3,000 citations
TL;DR: A reduction in exposure to ambient fine-particulate air pollution contributed to significant and measurable improvements in life expectancy in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s.
Abstract: Background Exposure to fine-particulate air pollution has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality, suggesting that sustained reductions in pollution exposure should result in improved life expectancy. This study directly evaluated the changes in life expectancy associated with differential changes in fine particulate air pollution that occurred in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s. Methods We compiled data on life expectancy, socioeconomic status, and demographic characteristics for 211 county units in the 51 U.S. metropolitan areas with matching data on fine-particulate air pollution for the late 1970s and early 1980s and the late 1990s and early 2000s. Regression models were used to estimate the association between reductions in pollution and changes in life expectancy, with adjustment for changes in socioeconomic and demographic variables and in proxy indicators for the prevalence of cigarette smoking. Results A decrease of 10 μg per cubic meter in the concentration of fine particulate matter was associated with an estimated increase in mean (±SE) life expectancy of 0.61±0.20 year (P = 0.004). The estimated effect of reduced exposure to pollution on life expectancy was not highly sensitive to adjustment for changes in socioeconomic, demographic, or proxy variables for the prevalence of smoking or to the restriction of observations to relatively large counties. Reductions in air pollution accounted for as much as 15% of the overall increase in life expectancy in the study areas. Conclusions A reduction in exposure to ambient fine-particulate air pollution contributed to significant and measurable improvements in life expectancy in the United States.
1,874 citations
TL;DR: A multidisciplinary approach using epidemiology, animal toxicology, and controlled human exposure studies has contributed to the database, and studies of humans but will also draw on findings from the other disciplines.
Abstract: Over the past three or four decades, there have been important advances in the understanding of the actions, exposure-response characteristics, and mechanisms of action of many common air pollutant
1,198 citations
559 citations