Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a systematic comparison of EEG awakenings and automatically detected cardiac activations.
TL;DR: An algorithm for the automatic identification of cardiac activations associated with cortical arousals, which uses heart rate information derived from a single electrocardiogram (ECG) channel, may be used as estimates for EEG awakenings.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Polysomnography is the gold standard for investigating noise effects on sleep, but data collection and analysis are sumptuous and expensive. We recently developed an automatic algorithm for the identification of cardiac activations associated with cortical arousals, which uses heart rate information derived from a single electrocardiogram (ECG) channel (Basner et al. 2007a). We hypothesized that cardiac arousals can be used as estimates for EEG awakenings. METHODS: Polysomnographic EEG awakenings and automatically detected cardiac activations were systematically compared using laboratory data of 112 subjects (47 male, mean ± SD age 37.9 ± 13 years), 985 nights and 23,855 aircraft noise events (ANEs). RESULTS: The overall agreement was higher in control (81.9 %) compared to noise nights (76.4 %). However, if corrected for chance expected agreement according to Landis and Koch (1977), agreement was higher in noise (к=0.60) compared to control nights (к=0.33), representing “moderate to substantial” and “fair” agreement respectively. The probability of automatically detected cardiac arousals increased monotonously with increasing maximum sound pressure levels of ANEs, exceeding the probability of EEG awakenings by up to 18.1 %. If spontaneous reactions were taken into account, exposure-response curves were practically identical for EEG awakenings and cardiac arousals. CONCLUSIONS: Automatically detected cardiac arousals can be used as estimates for EEG awakenings. This inexpensive, objective, and non-invasive method facilitates large scale field studies on the effects of traffic noise on sleep. More investigations are needed to further validate the ECG algorithm in the field and to investigate interindividual differences in its ability to predict EEG awakenings.
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TL;DR: It is proposed that brain disorders and abnormal sleep have a common mechanistic origin and that many co-morbid pathologies that are found in brain disease arise from a destabilization of sleep mechanisms.
Abstract: Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption are frequently observed in patients with psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative disease. The abnormal sleep that is experienced by these patients is largely assumed to be the product of medication or some other influence that is not well defined. However, normal brain function and the generation of sleep are linked by common neurotransmitter systems and regulatory pathways. Disruption of sleep alters sleep-wake timing, destabilizes physiology and promotes a range of pathologies (from cognitive to metabolic defects) that are rarely considered to be associated with abnormal sleep. We propose that brain disorders and abnormal sleep have a common mechanistic origin and that many co-morbid pathologies that are found in brain disease arise from a destabilization of sleep mechanisms. The stabilization of sleep may be a means by which to reduce the symptoms of--and permit early intervention of--psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease.
864 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of air, road and rail traffic noise on sleep and recuperation were investigated for 11 consecutive nights, which included eight noise exposure nights and one noise-free control night.
Abstract: Study Objectives: Traffic noise disturbs sleep and may impair recuperation. There is limited information on single and combined effects of air, road and rail traffic noise on sleep and recuperation.
Design: Repeated measures
Setting: Polysomnographic laboratory study
Participants: 72 healthy subjects, mean ± standard deviation 40 ± 13 years, range 18-71 years, 32 male
Interventions: Exposure to 40, 80, or 120 rail, road, and/or air traffic noise events
Measurements and Results: Subjects were investigated for 11 consecutive nights, which included eight noise exposure nights and one noise-free control night. Noise effects on sleep structure and continuity were subtle, even in nights with combined exposure, most likely due to habituation and an increase in arousal thresholds both within and across nights. However, cardiac arousals did not habituate across nights. Noise exposure significantly affected subjective assessments of sleep quality and recuperation, whereas objective performance was unaffected, except for a small increase in mean PVT reaction time (+4 ms, adjusted P 3 kHz) noise event components.
Conclusions: Road, rail, and air traffic noise differentially affect objective and subjective assessments of sleep. Differences in the degree of noise-induced sleep fragmentation between traffic modes were explained by the specific spectral and temporal composition of noise events, indicating potential targets for active and passive noise control. Field studies are needed to validate our findings in a setting with higher ecologic validity.
231 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that an understanding of the mechanistic overlap between SCRD and schizophrenia will ultimately lead to novel treatment approaches, which will not only ameliorate SCRD in schizophrenia patients, but also will improve their broader health problems and overall quality of life.
Abstract: Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption (SCRD) and schizophrenia are often co-morbid. Here, we propose that the co-morbidity of these disorders stems from the involvement of common brain mechanisms. We summarise recent clinical evidence that supports this hypothesis, including the observation that the treatment of SCRD leads to improvements in both the sleep quality and psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia patients. Moreover, many SCRD-associated pathologies, such as impaired cognitive performance, are routinely observed in schizophrenia. We suggest that these associations can be explored at a mechanistic level by using animal models. Specifically, we predict that SCRD should be observed in schizophrenia-relevant mouse models. There is a rapidly accumulating body of evidence which supports this prediction, as summarised in this review. In light of these emerging data, we highlight other models which warrant investigation, and address the potential challenges associated with modelling schizophrenia and SCRD in rodents. Our view is that an understanding of the mechanistic overlap between SCRD and schizophrenia will ultimately lead to novel treatment approaches, which will not only ameliorate SCRD in schizophrenia patients, but also will improve their broader health problems and overall quality of life.
99 citations
Cites background from "Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a ..."
...…2001; Killgore et al. 2008; Randazzo et al. 1998) Impaired motor performance (Kahol et al. 2008; Pilcher and Huffcutt 1996) Dissociation (Lynn et al. 2012) Drowsiness, micro-sleeps and unintended sleep (Basner et al. 2008a, b; Philip and Akerstedt 2006; Pilcher et al. 2000; Scott et al. 2007)....
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TL;DR: Nocturnal vibration has a negative impact on sleep and that the impact increases with greater vibration amplitude, therefore, it is necessary to define levels that protect residents against sleep disruptive vibrations that may arise from night time railway freight traffic.
Abstract: Background
A substantial increase in transportation of goods on railway may be hindered by public fear of increased vibration and noise leading to annoyance and sleep disturbance. As the majority of freight trains run during night time, the impact upon sleep is expected to be the most serious adverse effect. The impact of nocturnal vibration on sleep is an area currently lacking in knowledge. We experimentally investigated sleep disturbance with the aim to ascertain the impact of increasing vibration amplitude.
97 citations
Cites background from "Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a ..."
...Events perceived in such a way perhaps then have a large influence on subjective sleep quality, as has been proposed previously [45]....
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TL;DR: Nocturnal freight train noise exposure in Germany was associated with increased awakening probabilities exceeding those for aircraft noise and contrasting the findings of many annoyance surveys and annoyance ratings of the study.
81 citations
References
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TL;DR: In its current version, the ECG algorithm cannot replace visual EEG arousal scoring, but in a nonclinical population, it may be valuable to supplement visual EEG arousals scoring by this automatic, objective, reproducible, cheap, and time-saving method.
Abstract: Objectives: EEG arousals are associated with autonomic activations. Visual EEG arousal scoring is time consuming and suffers from low interob-server agreement. We hypothesized that information on changes in heart rate alone suffice to predict the occurrence of cortical arousal. Methods: Two visual AASM EEG arousal scorings of 56 healthy subject nights (mean age 37.0 ± 12.8 years, 26 male) were obtained. For each of 5 heartbeats following the onset of 3581 consensus EEG arousals and of an equal number of control conditions, differences to a moving median were calculated and used to estimate likelihood ratios (LRs) for 10 categories of heartbeat differences. Comparable to 5 consecutive diagnostic tests, these LRs were used to calculate the probability of heart rate responses being associated with cortical arousals. Results: EEG and ECG arousal indexes agreed well across a wide range of decision thresholds, resulting in a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) with an area under the curve of 0.91. For the decision threshold chosen for the final analyses, a sensitivity of 68.1% and a specificity of 95.2% were obtained. ECG and EEG arousal indexes were poorly correlated (r = 0.19, P <0.001, ICC = 0.186), which could in part be attributed to 3 outliers. The Bland-Altman plot showed an unbiased estimation of EEG arousal indexes by ECG arousal indexes with a standard deviation of ± 7.9 arousals per hour sleep. In about two-thirds of all cases, ECG arousal scoring was matched by at least one (22.2%) or by both (42.5%) of the visual scorings. Sensitivity of the algorithm increased with increasing duration of EEG arousals. The ECG algorithm was also successfully validated with 30 different nights of 10 subjects (mean age 35.3 □ 13.6 years, 5 male). Conclusions: In its current version, the ECG algorithm cannot replace visual EEG arousal scoring. Sensitivity for detecting <10-s EEG arousals needs to be improved. However, in a nonclinical population, it may be valuable to supplement visual EEG arousal scoring by this automatic, objective, reproducible, cheap, and time-saving method.
61 citations
TL;DR: Overall, total sleep deprivation appeared to have no substantial effect on cardiac response to spontaneous arousals and awakenings from sleep in healthy subjects.
43 citations
"Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a ..." refers background in this paper
...They are associated with monophasic and prolonged increases in heart rate and blood pressure (Sforza et al 2004) with possible long-term cardiovascular health effects (Babisch 2006, Muzet 2007)....
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...These arousals are usually accompanied by activations of the autonomic nervous system (Basner et al 2007b, Sforza et al 2004)....
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TL;DR: Activation of the brain-stem can lead to autonomic nervous system response without objective consequences the next day, and responses induced by auditory stimulation during sleep without EEG arousal do not have the same effects on daytime sleepiness and performance as sleep fragmentation associated with EEG arousals.
30 citations
"Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a ..." refers background in this paper
...Recent findings of a carefully designed experiment by Guilleminault et al (2006) support the thesis that EEG arousals are a prerequisite for the detrimental effects of sleep fragmentation on daytime functioning....
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01 Dec 1992
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the influence of non-acoustical factors upon disturbance of people's sleep including their age, sex and personal characteristics, their general views about the neighbourhood, their perceptions about sleep quality, and the variation of these relationships with time of night.
Abstract: This study was commissioned by the Department of Transport from the Department of Safety, Environment and Engineering at the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). The study has been conducted by the CAA in conjunction with research teams from the Universities of Loughborough, Manchester, and Southampton. The objectives of the study were to determine: (a) the relationships between outdoor aircraft noise levels and the probability of sleep disturbance; and (b) the variation of these relationships with time of night. To meet these objectives it was also necessary to investigate the influence of non-acoustical factors upon disturbance of people's sleep including their age, sex and personal characteristics, their general views about the neighbourhood, their perceptions about sleep quality. A major aim of this study was to observe the sleeping patterns of people in homes which are affected by aircraft noise.
27 citations
01 Jan 2002
21 citations