Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a systematic comparison of EEG awakenings and automatically detected cardiac activations.
TL;DR: An algorithm for the automatic identification of cardiac activations associated with cortical arousals, which uses heart rate information derived from a single electrocardiogram (ECG) channel, may be used as estimates for EEG awakenings.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Polysomnography is the gold standard for investigating noise effects on sleep, but data collection and analysis are sumptuous and expensive. We recently developed an automatic algorithm for the identification of cardiac activations associated with cortical arousals, which uses heart rate information derived from a single electrocardiogram (ECG) channel (Basner et al. 2007a). We hypothesized that cardiac arousals can be used as estimates for EEG awakenings. METHODS: Polysomnographic EEG awakenings and automatically detected cardiac activations were systematically compared using laboratory data of 112 subjects (47 male, mean ± SD age 37.9 ± 13 years), 985 nights and 23,855 aircraft noise events (ANEs). RESULTS: The overall agreement was higher in control (81.9 %) compared to noise nights (76.4 %). However, if corrected for chance expected agreement according to Landis and Koch (1977), agreement was higher in noise (к=0.60) compared to control nights (к=0.33), representing “moderate to substantial” and “fair” agreement respectively. The probability of automatically detected cardiac arousals increased monotonously with increasing maximum sound pressure levels of ANEs, exceeding the probability of EEG awakenings by up to 18.1 %. If spontaneous reactions were taken into account, exposure-response curves were practically identical for EEG awakenings and cardiac arousals. CONCLUSIONS: Automatically detected cardiac arousals can be used as estimates for EEG awakenings. This inexpensive, objective, and non-invasive method facilitates large scale field studies on the effects of traffic noise on sleep. More investigations are needed to further validate the ECG algorithm in the field and to investigate interindividual differences in its ability to predict EEG awakenings.
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TL;DR: It is proposed that brain disorders and abnormal sleep have a common mechanistic origin and that many co-morbid pathologies that are found in brain disease arise from a destabilization of sleep mechanisms.
Abstract: Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption are frequently observed in patients with psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative disease. The abnormal sleep that is experienced by these patients is largely assumed to be the product of medication or some other influence that is not well defined. However, normal brain function and the generation of sleep are linked by common neurotransmitter systems and regulatory pathways. Disruption of sleep alters sleep-wake timing, destabilizes physiology and promotes a range of pathologies (from cognitive to metabolic defects) that are rarely considered to be associated with abnormal sleep. We propose that brain disorders and abnormal sleep have a common mechanistic origin and that many co-morbid pathologies that are found in brain disease arise from a destabilization of sleep mechanisms. The stabilization of sleep may be a means by which to reduce the symptoms of--and permit early intervention of--psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease.
864 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of air, road and rail traffic noise on sleep and recuperation were investigated for 11 consecutive nights, which included eight noise exposure nights and one noise-free control night.
Abstract: Study Objectives: Traffic noise disturbs sleep and may impair recuperation. There is limited information on single and combined effects of air, road and rail traffic noise on sleep and recuperation.
Design: Repeated measures
Setting: Polysomnographic laboratory study
Participants: 72 healthy subjects, mean ± standard deviation 40 ± 13 years, range 18-71 years, 32 male
Interventions: Exposure to 40, 80, or 120 rail, road, and/or air traffic noise events
Measurements and Results: Subjects were investigated for 11 consecutive nights, which included eight noise exposure nights and one noise-free control night. Noise effects on sleep structure and continuity were subtle, even in nights with combined exposure, most likely due to habituation and an increase in arousal thresholds both within and across nights. However, cardiac arousals did not habituate across nights. Noise exposure significantly affected subjective assessments of sleep quality and recuperation, whereas objective performance was unaffected, except for a small increase in mean PVT reaction time (+4 ms, adjusted P 3 kHz) noise event components.
Conclusions: Road, rail, and air traffic noise differentially affect objective and subjective assessments of sleep. Differences in the degree of noise-induced sleep fragmentation between traffic modes were explained by the specific spectral and temporal composition of noise events, indicating potential targets for active and passive noise control. Field studies are needed to validate our findings in a setting with higher ecologic validity.
231 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that an understanding of the mechanistic overlap between SCRD and schizophrenia will ultimately lead to novel treatment approaches, which will not only ameliorate SCRD in schizophrenia patients, but also will improve their broader health problems and overall quality of life.
Abstract: Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption (SCRD) and schizophrenia are often co-morbid. Here, we propose that the co-morbidity of these disorders stems from the involvement of common brain mechanisms. We summarise recent clinical evidence that supports this hypothesis, including the observation that the treatment of SCRD leads to improvements in both the sleep quality and psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia patients. Moreover, many SCRD-associated pathologies, such as impaired cognitive performance, are routinely observed in schizophrenia. We suggest that these associations can be explored at a mechanistic level by using animal models. Specifically, we predict that SCRD should be observed in schizophrenia-relevant mouse models. There is a rapidly accumulating body of evidence which supports this prediction, as summarised in this review. In light of these emerging data, we highlight other models which warrant investigation, and address the potential challenges associated with modelling schizophrenia and SCRD in rodents. Our view is that an understanding of the mechanistic overlap between SCRD and schizophrenia will ultimately lead to novel treatment approaches, which will not only ameliorate SCRD in schizophrenia patients, but also will improve their broader health problems and overall quality of life.
99 citations
Cites background from "Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a ..."
...…2001; Killgore et al. 2008; Randazzo et al. 1998) Impaired motor performance (Kahol et al. 2008; Pilcher and Huffcutt 1996) Dissociation (Lynn et al. 2012) Drowsiness, micro-sleeps and unintended sleep (Basner et al. 2008a, b; Philip and Akerstedt 2006; Pilcher et al. 2000; Scott et al. 2007)....
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TL;DR: Nocturnal vibration has a negative impact on sleep and that the impact increases with greater vibration amplitude, therefore, it is necessary to define levels that protect residents against sleep disruptive vibrations that may arise from night time railway freight traffic.
Abstract: Background
A substantial increase in transportation of goods on railway may be hindered by public fear of increased vibration and noise leading to annoyance and sleep disturbance. As the majority of freight trains run during night time, the impact upon sleep is expected to be the most serious adverse effect. The impact of nocturnal vibration on sleep is an area currently lacking in knowledge. We experimentally investigated sleep disturbance with the aim to ascertain the impact of increasing vibration amplitude.
97 citations
Cites background from "Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a ..."
...Events perceived in such a way perhaps then have a large influence on subjective sleep quality, as has been proposed previously [45]....
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TL;DR: Nocturnal freight train noise exposure in Germany was associated with increased awakening probabilities exceeding those for aircraft noise and contrasting the findings of many annoyance surveys and annoyance ratings of the study.
81 citations
References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: A large-scale, multi-stage study for investigating the acute effects of nocturnal aircraft noise on human sleep is conducted in the framework of the HGF/DLR project "Quiet Air Traffic" for developing sustainable assessment criteria for human-specific effects of aircraft noise at night.
Abstract: Noise protection associated with the construction and extension of airports in the Federal Republic of Germany has been regulated by the law for protection against aircraft noise since 1971. This legislation is due for revision because of different aspects. One aspect is the growth of air traffic which has led many airports to the limits of their capacity and in search of new ways of adaptation to the increasing demand for flight services. Another aspect is the increasing concern of the population about noise effects which has to be addressed by better protection against the effects of aircraft noise. The framework conditions of policy in terms of society as a whole, its health and economic environment need to be put into effect by political action. Science can contribute to this goal by performing noise effects research and by providing recommendations to the political body. However, it remains controversial, what measures are necessary or adequate to assure effective protection of the population against aircraft noise. This is particularly true for the protection of rest and sleep at night. The problem of finding a common basis for adequate recommendations is associated with (1) the low number of primary studies, which also exhibited highly variable results and assessments, (2) the handling of acoustic or psycho-acoustic dimensions for quantifying psychological or physiological reactions, and (3) the conception of how far preventive measures have to go to prove effective. With this in mind, the DLR Institute for Aerospace Medicine is conducting a large-scale, multi-stage study for investigating the acute effects of nocturnal aircraft noise on human sleep. This enterprise is implemented in the framework of the HGF/DLR project "Quiet Air Traffic" for developing sustainable assessment criteria for human-specific effects of aircraft noise at night.
21 citations
"Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a ..." refers background in this paper
...The habituation to noise within a single night was already shown for EEG awakenings and EEG arousals (Basner and Samel 2004, Bonnet 1985), but, to our knowledge, never before for cardiac activations....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a polysomnographischen labor-and Feldstudien leitete das DLR-Institut fur Luft-and Raumfahrtmedizin Kriterien zum Schutz vor nachtlichen Fluglarm fur den Flughafen Leipzig/Halle ab, der zu einem Frachtdrehkreuz ausgebaut werden soll.
Abstract: Aus polysomnographischen Labor- und Feldstudien leitete das DLR-Institut fur Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin Kriterien zum Schutz vor nachtlichen Fluglarm fur den Flughafen Leipzig/Halle ab, der zu einem Frachtdrehkreuz ausgebaut werden soll. Mit den hier vorgestellten Analysen sollte untersucht werden, ob die prognostizierte dichte Flugabfolge in der Nacht bei Einhaltung der empfohlenen Kriterien zu gravierenden makrostrukturellen Anderungen des schlafes fuhrt oder nicht. Als Datengrundlage diente eine Feldstudie, in der am Flughafen Koln/Bonn 64 Anwohner polysomnographisch untersucht wurden. Markov-Prozesse wurden fur die Modellierung einer achtstundigen Bettzeit verwendet. Es wurde nur zwischen den beiden Zustanden Wach und Schlaf (S1-S4, REM) unterschieden. Ubergangswahrscheinlichkeiten zwischen den beiden Zustanden wurden mit logistischen Regressionsmodellen in Abhangigkeit vom aktuellen Zustand, von der in diesem Zustand bereits verbrachten Dauer, von der verstrichenen Schlafzeit und vom Maximalpegel des Fluggerausches bestimmt. 3 Flugbetriebsszenarien wurden simuliert: Ruhe, Fluglarm vorwiegend am Anfang der Nacht (Modell A) und Fluglarm vorwiegend am Ende der Nacht (Modell E). Bezogen auf eine Bettzeit von 8 Stunden war der Wachanteil im Vergleich zum Ruhemodell (81,1 min) im Modell A um 3,8 min (+4,7%) und im Modell E um 5,9 min (+7,3%) erhoht. Fluglarm am Ende der Nacht fuhrte jedoch zu groseren Schlafstorungen als Fluglarm am Anfang der Nacht, weshalb empfohlen wird, Fluggerausche in der zweiten Nachthalfte mit einem Malus von 1,4 dB zu belegen. Im Zusammenhang mit Fluglarmwirkungen auf den Schlaf erlauben Markov-Prozesse die flexible Modellierung abhangiger Ereignisse und unterschiedlicher Betriebsszenarien. Bei einhaltung der vom DLR vorgeschlagenen Schutzkriterien ermitteln die vorgestellten Modelle nur geringfugige fluglarmbedingte Erhohungen von Wachanteil und der Anzahl zusatzlicher erinnerbarer Aufwachreaktionen.
9 citations
"Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a ..." refers background in this paper
...However, in situations where the subject is already awake traffic noise may nevertheless adversely affect sleep by preventing the subject from falling asleep again, and therefore prolonging spontaneous or noise-induced awakenings (Basner and Siebert 2006)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a breit gefacherte Fulle von psychologischen, physiologichen, and physiologischchemischen Mesmethoden dient dazu, diese Belastungen mittels entsprechender Daten zu objektivieren.
Abstract: Die physische und psychische Beanspruchung durfte bei keiner Berufsgruppe so extrem hoch sein wie bei Flugpiloten. Somit eignet sich dieser Personenkreis auch vorzuglich zur Ermittlung diesbezuglicher Daten. Unter der Vielzahl belastender Faktoren sind die durch standige Uberwindung von Zeitzonen gestorte zirkadiane Rhythmik und die sehr langen, oft irregularen Arbeitszeiten bei sonstiger korperlicher Immobilitat am wichtigsten. Eine breit gefacherte Fulle von psychologischen, physiologischen und physiologisch-chemischen Mesmethoden dient dazu, diese Belastungen mittels entsprechender Daten zu objektivieren. Die Synopsis aller Mesergebnisse hat das Ziel, die Belastbarkeitsgrenzen rechtzeitig zu erkennen und die Flugsicherheit zu erhalten und zu verbessern.
9 citations
"Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a ..." refers methods in this paper
...R-waves were automatically detected with a software developed in a LabVIEWTM environment (Samel et al 1997)....
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DOI•
01 Jan 2006
5 citations
"Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...On the other hand, if the interval is too long, too many spontaneous reactions are picked up, and repeated activations within the same subject are possible (Brink et al 2006b)....
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...Actigraphy (Horne et al 1994, Passchier-Vermeer et al 2002) and seismosomnography (Brink et al 2006a) have been used to measure body movements during sleep....
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...Our group prefers using PADDITIONAL over PINDUCED, because the biologic plausibility of PADDITIONAL is higher (Brink et al 2006b), and only reactions additionally caused by noise can be prevented with protection concepts, anyway....
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...Three situations can be differentiated (Brink et al 2006b): (a) The reaction was caused by noise, (b) the reaction occurred spontaneously, (c) the reaction was caused by noise but would also have occurred spontaneously or the reaction occurred spontaneously but would have also been caused by noise....
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