Albacora Leste Field Development- FPSO P-50 Mooring System Concept and Installation
01 Jan 2006-
About: The article was published on 2006-01-01. It has received 70 citations till now.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the penetration response of dynamically installed anchors in normally consolidated clay and found that for anchors with no flukes, expected anchor tip embedment depths are two to three times the anchor length for impact velocities approaching 30 m/s, with a strong dependence on the net density of the anchor and smaller dependence on impact velocity.
Abstract: This paper utilises centrifuge data to explore the penetration response of dynamically installed anchors in normally consolidated clay. The data indicate that for anchors with no flukes, expected anchor tip embedment depths are two to three times the anchor length for impact velocities approaching 30 m/s, with a strong dependence on the net density of the anchor and smaller dependence on the impact velocity. Total energy, defined as the sum of the kinetic energy of the anchor at the mudline and the potential energy released as it penetrates the seabed, is shown to be a useful quantity for comparing the embedment depth of anchors with markedly different geometries and mass, impacting the soil at different velocities. The centrifuge data were used to calibrate an analytical embedment model, based on strain-rate-dependent shearing resistance and fluid mechanics drag resistance. The merit of the anchor embedment model has been demonstrated by predicting the final embedment depths for a series of offshore fiel...
95 citations
TL;DR: Torpedo anchors are used as foundations for mooring deep-water offshore facilities, including risers and floating structures as mentioned in this paper, and they are cone-tipped cylindrical steel pipes ballasted with concrete an...
Abstract: Torpedo anchors are used as foundations for mooring deep-water offshore facilities, including risers and floating structures. They are cone-tipped cylindrical steel pipes ballasted with concrete an...
65 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the results from three-dimensional dynamic finite element analysis undertaken to provide insight into the behaviour of torpedo anchors during dynamic installation in non-homogeneous clay were reported.
Abstract: This paper reports the results from three-dimensional dynamic finite element analysis undertaken to provide insight into the behaviour of torpedo anchors during dynamic installation in non-homogeneous clay. The large deformation finite element (LDFE) analyses were carried out using the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach, modifying the simple elastic-perfectly plastic Tresca soil model to allow strain softening, and incorporate strain-rate dependency of the shear strength using the Herschel–Bulkley model. The results were validated against field data and centrifuge test data prior to undertaking a detailed parametric study, exploring the relevant range of parameters in terms of anchor shaft length and diameter; number, width and length of fins; impact velocity and soil strength. The anchor velocity profile during penetration in clay showed that the dynamic installation process consisted of two stages: (a) in Stage 1, the soil resistance was less than the submerged weight of the anchor and hence the anchor accelerated; (b) in Stage 2, at greater penetration, frictional and end bearing resistance dominated and the anchor decelerated. The corresponding soil failure patterns revealed two interesting aspects including (a) mobilization of an end bearing mechanism at the base of the anchor shaft and fins and (b) formation of a cavity above the shaft of the installing anchor and subsequent soil backflow into the cavity depending on the soil undrained shear strength. To predict the embedment depth in the field, an improved rational analytical embedment model, based on strain rate dependent shearing resistance and fluid mechanics drag resistance, was proposed, with the LDFE data used to calibrate the model.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the results from dynamic installation of a torpedo anchor in strain softening, rate dependent soft clays, quantifying the effects relative to results for ideal Tresca material.
Abstract: Torpedo anchors (of diameter ~1 m) are released from a height of 50–100 m from the seabed, achieving velocities up to 35 m/s at impacting the sediment. The strain rates induced in the surrounding soil by this dynamic installation is therefore significantly higher than those associated with installation of other offshore foundations and anchoring systems. The high strain rates enhance the mobilised undrained shear strength compared to that measured by in-situ penetrometer or laboratory tests. This paper reports the results from dynamic installation of a torpedo anchor in strain softening, rate dependent soft clays, quantifying the effects relative to results for ideal Tresca material. The three-dimensional dynamic large deformation finite element (LDFE) analyses were carried out using the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. The simple elastic-perfectly plastic Tresca soil model was modified to allow strain softening and strain rate dependency of the shear strength. Parametric analyses were undertaken varying the strain rate parameter, the sensitivity and ductility of the soil, and the soil undrained shear strength. Overall, embedment depth for rate dependent, strain softening clays lay below that for ideal Tresca material. Increased strain rate dependency of the soil led to marked reduction in embedment depth, only partly compensated by brittleness. Key results have been presented in the form of design charts, fitted by simple expressions to estimate the embedment depth of a torpedo anchor.
54 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of model tests were conducted to provide insight into the behavior of a torpedo anchor during dynamic installation and monotonic pullout in lightly overconsolidated calcareous silt.
Abstract: Challenges associated with dynamically installed anchors include prediction of the anchor embedment depth, which dictates the anchor's holding capacity. This is particularly true for calcareous sediments, as very little performance data exist for this anchor type in these soils. This paper reports results from a series of model tests undertaken to provide insight into the behaviour of a torpedo anchor during dynamic installation and monotonic pullout in lightly overconsolidated calcareous silt. The tests were carried out in a beam centrifuge, varying the drop height and consequently the impact velocity, and the consolidation period prior to anchor pullout. The mudline load inclination was also varied to encompass various mooring configurations. The centrifuge model test data were used to calibrate: (a) an analytical dynamic embedment model, based on conventional bearing and frictional resistance factors but with strain-rate-dependent undrained shear strength for the soil; and (b) an analytical quasi-stati...
51 citations
Cites methods from "Albacora Leste Field Development- F..."
...The overall geometry and prototype scale is the same as the T-98 torpedo anchor used in the Campos Basin (as described by Medeiros (2002), de Araujo et al. (2004) and Brandão et al. (2006)), but with a prototype mass of 126.8 t, 29% higher than the T-98 anchor....
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...1; Brandão et al., 2006)....
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...…achieved in these tests and those reported by Hossain et al. (2014) are significantly lower than the 1.5,2.1LA range reported by Medeiros (2002) and Brandão et al. (2006) for geometrically similar but lighter T-98 torpedo anchor in clay at the Campos basin (su ¼ 5 + 2z kPa), which reflects the…...
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...…anchors have been used for anchoring deepwater flowlines and floating facilities at the Campos Basin, offshore Brazil in water depths up to 1400 m (de Araujo et al., 2004; Brandão et al., 2006; Wilde, 2009), achieving anchor tip embedment depths in the range 1.5,2.4 times the anchor length....
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01 Jan 2004
4 citations