Alginate: properties and biomedical applications
TL;DR: This review will provide a comprehensive overview of general properties of alginate and its hydrogels, their biomedical applications, and suggest new perspectives for future studies with these polymers.
About: This article is published in Progress in Polymer Science.The article was published on 2012-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 5372 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Self-healing hydrogels.
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TL;DR: An updated summary of recent advances in the field of nanomedicines and nano based drug delivery systems through comprehensive scrutiny of the discovery and application of nanomaterials in improving both the efficacy of novel and old drugs and selective diagnosis through disease marker molecules is presented.
Abstract: Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner Nanotechnology offers multiple benefits in treating chronic human diseases by site-specific, and target-oriented delivery of precise medicines Recently, there are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents etc) in the treatment of various diseases The current review, presents an updated summary of recent advances in the field of nanomedicines and nano based drug delivery systems through comprehensive scrutiny of the discovery and application of nanomaterials in improving both the efficacy of novel and old drugs (eg, natural products) and selective diagnosis through disease marker molecules The opportunities and challenges of nanomedicines in drug delivery from synthetic/natural sources to their clinical applications are also discussed In addition, we have included information regarding the trends and perspectives in nanomedicine area
3,112 citations
TL;DR: This Review discusses how different mechanisms interact and can be integrated to exert fine control in time and space over the drug presentation, and collects experimental release data from the literature and presents quantitative comparisons between different systems to provide guidelines for the rational design of hydrogel delivery systems.
Abstract: Hydrogel delivery systems can leverage therapeutically beneficial outcomes of drug delivery and have found clinical use. Hydrogels can provide spatial and temporal control over the release of various therapeutic agents, including small-molecule drugs, macromolecular drugs and cells. Owing to their tunable physical properties, controllable degradability and capability to protect labile drugs from degradation, hydrogels serve as a platform in which various physiochemical interactions with the encapsulated drugs control their release. In this Review, we cover multiscale mechanisms underlying the design of hydrogel drug delivery systems, focusing on physical and chemical properties of the hydrogel network and the hydrogel-drug interactions across the network, mesh, and molecular (or atomistic) scales. We discuss how different mechanisms interact and can be integrated to exert fine control in time and space over the drug presentation. We also collect experimental release data from the literature, review clinical translation to date of these systems, and present quantitative comparisons between different systems to provide guidelines for the rational design of hydrogel delivery systems.
2,457 citations
TL;DR: Progress towards controlled synthesis of alginate derivatives, and the properties and applications of these derivatives are reviewed.
1,182 citations
Cites background from "Alginate: properties and biomedical..."
...have recently described alginates as “blank slates” [6]....
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TL;DR: A bioink that combines the outstanding shear thinning properties of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) with the fast cross-linking ability of alginate with the potential use of nanocellulose for 3D bioprinting of living tissues and organs is formulated.
1,169 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the past and current efforts with a brief description on the featured properties of hydrogel membranes fabricated from biopolymers and synthetic ones for wound dressing applications.
1,059 citations
Cites background from "Alginate: properties and biomedical..."
...4), where the ratio between them adjusts the elasticity of obtained crosslinked alginic gels [52]....
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References
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TL;DR: These results demonstrated how alginate gel and gel/cell systems could be formulated with controlled structure, gelation rate, and mechanical properties for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications.
1,350 citations
"Alginate: properties and biomedical..." refers background in this paper
...The gelation rate is a critical factor in controlling gel uniformity and strength when using divalent cations, and slower gelation produces more uniform structures and greater mechanical integrity [41]....
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TL;DR: The present use and future possibilities of alginate as a tool in drug formulation are discussed, with the potential use of the various qualities as pharmaceutical excipients likely to make an important contribution in the development of polymeric delivery systems.
Abstract: Alginates are established among the most versatile biopolymers, used in a wide range of applications. The conventional use of alginate as an excipient in drug products generally depends on the thickening, gel-forming, and stabilizing properties. A need for prolonged and better control of drug administration has increased the demand for tailor-made polymers. Hydrocolloids like alginate can play a significant role in the design of a controlled-release product. At low pH hydration of alginic acid leads to the formation of a high-viscosity "acid gel." Alginate is also easily gelled in the presence of a divalent cation as the calcium ion. Dried sodium alginate beads reswell, creating a diffusion barrier decreasing the migration of small molecules (e.g., drugs). The ability of alginate to form two types of gel dependent on pH, i.e., an acid gel and an ionotropic gel, gives the polymer unique properties compared to neutral macromolecules. The molecule can be tailor-made for a number of applications. So far more than 200 different alginate grades and a number of alginate salts are manufactured. The potential use of the various qualities as pharmaceutical excipients has not been evaluated fully, but alginate is likely to make an important contribution in the development of polymeric delivery systems. This natural polymer is adopted by Ph.Eur. It can be obtained in an ultrapure form suitable for implants. This review discusses the present use and future possibilities of alginate as a tool in drug formulation.
1,270 citations
"Alginate: properties and biomedical..." refers background in this paper
...Alginates extracted from different sources differ in M and G contents as well as the length of each block, and more than 200 different alginates are currently being manufactured [14]....
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TL;DR: It is the goal to emphasize underutilized adaptive behaviors of stimuli-responsive polymers so that novel applications and new generations of smart materials can be realized.
1,262 citations
"Alginate: properties and biomedical..." refers background in this paper
...Thermal gelation—Thermo-sensitive hydrogels have been widely investigated to date in many drug delivery applications, due to their adjustable swelling properties in response to temperature changes, leading to on-demand modulation of drug release from the gels [52]....
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TL;DR: The induction of endothelial vessel networks in engineered skeletal muscle tissue constructs using a three-dimensional multiculture system consisting of myoblasts, embryonic fibroblasts and endothelial cells coseeded on highly porous, biodegradable polymer scaffolds is described.
Abstract: One of the major obstacles in engineering thick, complex tissues such as muscle is the need to vascularize the tissue in vitro. Vascularization in vitro could maintain cell viability during tissue growth, induce structural organization and promote vascularization upon implantation. Here we describe the induction of endothelial vessel networks in engineered skeletal muscle tissue constructs using a three-dimensional multiculture system consisting of myoblasts, embryonic fibroblasts and endothelial cells coseeded on highly porous, biodegradable polymer scaffolds. Analysis of the conditions for induction and stabilization of the vessels in vitro showed that addition of embryonic fibroblasts increased the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the construct and promoted formation and stabilization of the endothelial vessels. We studied the survival and vascularization of the engineered muscle implants in vivo in three different models. Prevascularization improved the vascularization, blood perfusion and survival of the muscle tissue constructs after transplantation.
1,227 citations
"Alginate: properties and biomedical..." refers background in this paper
...Current strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration include cell transplantation, growth factor delivery, or a combination of both approaches [146, 147], and alginate gels have found potential in these strategies....
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TL;DR: The mild conditions under which gel formation can be controlled suggest that artificial proteins that undergo reversible gelation in response to changes in pH or temperature have potential in bioengineering applications requiring encapsulation or controlled release of molecular and cellular species.
Abstract: Recombinant DNA methods were used to create artificial proteins that undergo reversible gelation in response to changes in pH or temperature. The proteins consist of terminal leucine zipper domains flanking a central, flexible, water-soluble polyelectrolyte segment. Formation of coiled-coil aggregates of the terminal domains in near-neutral aqueous solutions triggers formation of a three-dimensional polymer network, with the polyelectrolyte segment retaining solvent and preventing precipitation of the chain. Dissociation of the coiled-coil aggregates through elevation of pH or temperature causes dissolution of the gel and a return to the viscous behavior that is characteristic of polymer solutions. The mild conditions under which gel formation can be controlled (near-neutral pH and near-ambient temperature) suggest that these materials have potential in bioengineering applications requiring encapsulation or controlled release of molecular and cellular species.
1,028 citations