All-optical flip-flop based on coupled laser diodes
01 Mar 2001-IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)-Vol. 37, Iss: 3, pp 405-413
TL;DR: In this article, an all-optical set-reset flip-flop is presented that is based on two coupled lasers with separate cavities and lasing at different wavelengths.
Abstract: An all-optical set-reset flip-flop is presented that is based on two coupled lasers with separate cavities and lasing at different wavelengths. The lasers are coupled so that lasing in one of the lasers quenches lasing in the other laser. The flip-flop state is determined by the laser that is currently lasing. A rate-equation based model for the flip-flop is developed and used to obtain steady-state characteristics. Important properties of the system, such as the minimum coupling between lasers and the optical power required for switching, are derived from the model. These properties are primarily dependent on the laser mirror reflectivity, the inter-laser coupling, and the power emitted from one of the component lasers, affording the designer great control over the flip-flop properties. The flip-flop is experimentally demonstrated with two lasers constructed from identical semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and fiber Bragg gratings of different wavelengths. Good agreement between the theory and experiment is obtained. Furthermore, switching over a wide range of input wavelengths is shown; however, increased switching power is required for wavelengths far from the SOA gain peak.
Citations
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TL;DR: An alternative optical packet routing concept that can be used for all-optical buffering of data packets is presented and an optical threshold function that is based on a asymmetric configuration of two coupled lasers is used to drive a wavelength routing switch.
Abstract: We present a 1 /spl times/ 2 all-optical packet switch. All the processing of the header information is carried out in the optical domain. The optical headers are recognized by employing the two-pulse correlation principle in a semiconductor laser amplifier in loop optical mirror (SLALOM) configuration. The processed header information is stored in an optical flip-flop memory that is based on a symmetric configuration of two coupled lasers. The optical flip-flop memory drives a wavelength routing switch that is based on cross-gain modulation in a semiconductor optical amplifier. We also present an alternative optical packet routing concept that can be used for all-optical buffering of data packets. In this case, an optical threshold function that is based on a asymmetric configuration of two coupled lasers is used to drive a wavelength routing switch. Experimental results are presented for both the 1 /spl times/ 2 optical packet switch and the optical buffer switch.
300 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model for polarization-dependent gain saturation in strained bulk semiconductor optical amplifiers is presented, where the polarized optical field can be decomposed into transverse electric and transverse magnetic components that have indirect interaction with each other via the gain saturation.
Abstract: We present a model for polarization-dependent gain saturation in strained bulk semiconductor optical amplifiers. We assume that the polarized optical field can be decomposed into transverse electric and transverse magnetic components that have indirect interaction with each other via the gain saturation. The gain anisotropy due to tensile strain in the amplifier is accounted for by a population imbalance factor. The model is applied to a nonlinear polarization switch, for which results are obtained, that are in excellent agreement with experimental data. Finally, we describe an all-optical flip-flop memory that is based on two coupled nonlinear polarization switches.
270 citations
TL;DR: The Information Society Technologies-all-optical LAbel SwApping employing optical logic gates in NEtwork nodes (IST-LASAGNE) project as mentioned in this paper aims at designing and implementing the first, modular, scalable, and truly alloptical photonic router capable of operating at 40 Gb/s.
Abstract: The Information Society Technologies-all-optical LAbel SwApping employing optical logic Gates in NEtwork nodes (IST-LASAGNE) project aims at designing and implementing the first, modular, scalable, and truly all-optical photonic router capable of operating at 40 Gb/s. The results of the first project year are presented in this paper, with emphasis on the implementation of network node functionalities employing optical logic gates and optical flip-flops, as well as the definition of the network architecture and migration scenarios.
209 citations
TL;DR: A 1/spl times/2 all-optical packet switch is presented and the header processing is implemented by using a SLALOM structure and an optical flip-flop memory is used to store the processed headers.
Abstract: A 1/spl times/2 all-optical packet switch is presented The header processing is implemented by using a SLALOM structure and an optical flip-flop memory is used to store the processed header bits The packets are switched in wavelength by using cross-gain modulation Experimental results are presented
120 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an all-optical flip-flop operation of multimode interference bistable laser diodes (MMI-BLDs) was experimentally demonstrated for the first time.
Abstract: All-optical flip-flop operation of multimode interference bistable laser diodes (MMI-BLDs) was experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The MMI-BLD was prepared with a conventional ridge waveguide laser diode fabrication procedure, suitable for photonic integrated circuits. Bistable switching via two-mode bistability was obtained with approximately 0-dBm input powers due to cross-gain saturation and the saturable absorbers. Bit-length conversion was successfully obtained with noninverted and inverted outputs. This device will be useful in future photonic systems requiring all-optical latching functions such as optical memory, self-routing, and further optical signal processing.
112 citations
References
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NEC1
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of external optical feedback on the semiconductor laser properties have been examined, i.e., return of a portion of the laser output from a reflector external to the laser cavity.
Abstract: Influences on the semiconductor laser properties of external optical feedback, i.e., return of a portion of the laser output from a reflector external to the laser cavity, have been examined. Experimental observations with a single mode laser is presented with analysis based on a compound cavity laser model, which has been found to explain essential features of the experimental results. In particular, it has been demonstrated that a laser with external feedback can be multistable and show hysteresis phenomena, analogous to those of non-linear Fabry-Perot resonator. It has also been shown that the dynamic properties of injection lasers are significantly affected by external feedback, depending on interference conditions between returned light and the field inside the laser diode.
2,462 citations
"All-optical flip-flop based on coup..." refers background in this paper
...In some implementations of the flip-flop, reflections of light back into the master could be significant and may be modeled according to [2]....
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Book•
01 Jan 1986TL;DR: In this paper, the current status and future applications of lightwave transmission of longwavelength semiconductor lasers emitting near 1.3 and 1.55-mu m are described, and bit-error-rate curves for a transmission experiment at 8 Gb/s over 76 km of fiber are shown.
Abstract: The current status and future applications to lightwave transmission of long-wavelength semiconductor lasers emitting near 1.3 and 1.55- mu m are described. Bit-error-rate curves for a transmission experiment at 8 Gb/s over 76 km of fiber are shown, and schematics of a high-speed distributed feedback laser and a multielectrode distributed Bragg reflector laser are presented. >
1,119 citations
"All-optical flip-flop based on coup..." refers background or methods in this paper
...the lasers is related to the photon number by the well-known equation [9]...
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...can be found from (1) and (4) by equating optical loss and gain [9] to be...
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Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: This book instills the basic principles of feedback control essential to all specialty areas of engineering and provides thorough coverage of root locus, frequency response and state feedback techniques.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
This book emphasizes undergraduate topics and the use of CAD programs,while still providing a rigorous treatment of advanced topics and derivation techniques. It instills the basic principles of feedback control essential to all specialty areas of engineering. The first part offers a comprehensive analysis of the fundamentals necessary for feedback control systems analysis. The second part provides thorough coverage of root locus,frequency response and state feedback techniques. The last part includes a number of modern techniques that are useful to the systems design engineer. CAD technology is enhanced by the use of MATLAB problems throughout the text.
345 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the theoretical analysis of the two-mode bistable laser diodes, the stripe lasers and the vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is presented.
Abstract: Recent progresses in research on bistable laser diodes and their applications in optical communications and photonic switching are reviewed. In addition to the conventional absorptive and dispersive bistable laser diodes, bistability in two-mode lasers via gain saturation has recently attracted attention, because of its ultra high speed. On the other hand, bistable laser diodes with saturable absorbers are mainly used in the system applications because of their stable operations at present. This paper presents the theoretical analysis of the two-mode bistable laser diodes, the stripe lasers and the vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) as the two major representatives of bistable lasers, and the profound discussion of their possible applications.
171 citations
"All-optical flip-flop based on coup..." refers background in this paper
...A review and explanation of these three types of bistable LDs can be found in [1]....
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DOI•
01 Feb 1985TL;DR: In this article, a new analytical model for semiconductor laser amplifiers is presented, which has the virtue of avoiding excessive numerical computation and yet retaining sufficient accuracy for most cases of interest.
Abstract: A new analytical model for semiconductor laser amplifiers is presented. It has the virtue of avoiding excessive numerical computation and yet retaining sufficient accuracy for most cases of interest. The essentially new feature is the use of an appropriate mean photon density obtained by averaging the axial field distribution along the cavity length. Calculated results are presented for gain, saturation power and tuning characteristics, and their sensitivity to current density, facet reflectivities, and the spontaneous emission coefficient is explored.
170 citations
"All-optical flip-flop based on coup..." refers background or methods in this paper
...2) The effects of amplified spontaneous emission and residual facet reflectivities in [8] are ignored....
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...This assumption allows the use of a simple SOA model [8] to model the laser gain section....
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...The essential difference in the rate equations presented here from those given in [5] is that, in [5], and are not taken into account when modeling the effect of injected light, whereas in the model of [8] they are....
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...A SOA model that assumes constant photon density and thus constant carrier concentration along the cavity length is given in [8]....
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...We have modeled the effect exactly as was done in [8], (taking into account our above assumptions on residual facet reflectivities and amplified spontaneous emission), and the right-most term in (2) is taken from [8] after converting from carrier and photon densities to carrier and photon numbers....
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