Allelopathic Potential of Polygonum orientale L. in Relation to Germination and Seedling Growth of Weeds
TL;DR: Since Polygonum leaves constitute the source of inhibitors, the leaves are chemically analysed and the presence of flavones in them has been implicated in allelopathy and the order: leaf-extract/leaf-leachate > decaying leaves > field soils increases.
About: This article is published in Flora.The article was published on 1980-01-01. It has received 8 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Polygonum & Seedling.
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TL;DR: Benzoic acid and phenolic acids such as salicylic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, gentisic, protocatechuic, syringic, gallic, ferulic, and caffeic acids were identified by gas chromatography to indicate allelopathic effects.
Abstract: Aqueous extracts obtained from young green tops ofChrysanthemum morifolium inhibited the germination of six flowering plants, including chrysanthemum itself, provided for experiments. The same phenomenon was also clearly observed when powder made from young green tops and old leaves of chrysanthemum was used. Moreover, the growth of seedlings planted again in garden soil which was once used for the culture of chrysanthemum was greatly interrupted. Chrysanthemum cultured in used garden soil showed far less dry weight than that cultured in fresh garden soil. The weight of chrysanthemum cultured using its root exudates was also less than that cultured with water leachate of fresh garden soil, and therefore these results may be considered to indicate allelopathic effects. In order to find the allelochemicals related to this phenomenon, benzoic acid and phenolic acids such as salicylic,p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, gentisic, protocatechuic, syringic, gallic, ferulic, and caffeic acids were identified by gas chromatography.
21 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that while litter and pathogens have some influence, herbivores are probably the major cause of the low frequency of L. hancei seedlings in the understorey.
Abstract: Tanoak Lithocarpus hancei (Fagaceae) is one of the dominant species in the high diversity subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in SW China. However, seedlings of L. hancei and other oaks are quite rare in the understorey. To investigate the effects of seed (acorn) predation and seedling herbivory by mammals, and litter, on acorn germination and seedling survival of L. hancei in these forests, we set up a 2 × 2 factorial experiment (litter present or removed; ±herbivore exclosures (fences); plus natural control; 5 replications) in the Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve, central Yunnan from 2010 to 2015. Acorns and transplanted seedlings of L. hancei were placed in the four treatments plots and the influence of these treatments on acorn germination and seedling survival was monitored. Fences protected L. hancei acorns and seedlings against herbivory by rodents and other mammals; litter had a positive effect on acorn survival but no effect on seedling establishment. Moreover, those seedlings that escaped herbivory were mostly killed by fungal attack. Our results indicate that while litter and pathogens have some influence, herbivores are probably the major cause of the low frequency of L. hancei seedlings in the understorey.
10 citations
Cites background from "Allelopathic Potential of Polygonum..."
...In contrast, litter can reduce seed germination and seedling recruitment by allelopathic interaction (Datta and Chatterjee 1980; Rai and Tripathi 1984; Das et al. 2012; Qi et al. 2014), by reducing light levels for seeds (Eckstein and Donath 2005), and by acting as a physical barrier that prevents seedling rooting and shoot emergence (Sydes and Grime 1981; Hamrick and Lee 1987; Eriksson 1995)....
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...In contrast, litter can reduce seed germination and seedling recruitment by allelopathic interaction (Datta and Chatterjee 1980; Rai and Tripathi 1984; Das et al. 2012; Qi et al. 2014), by reducing light levels for seeds (Eckstein and Donath 2005), and by acting as a physical barrier that prevents…...
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TL;DR: As the leaves of Clerodendrum form the most consistent source of the natural chemical retardant, these are analysed and the presence of a terpene compound (clerodin) has been suspected in carrying out the allelopathic effect.
5 citations
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234 citations
200 citations
TL;DR: Agarwal et al. as discussed by the authors published a report on the Liberation of Organic Substances from Higher Plants (LOSSP) from higher plants, which was based on the idea that organic compounds from higher plant can be used to supplement higher plant growth.
Abstract: Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 394 Liberation of Organic Substances from Higher Plants ............................................ 396 Root Excretions ................................................................................................................................................. 396 Excretions from Intact Roots ....................................................................................................... 396 Amino Acids ............................................................................................................................................. 396 Sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Scopoletin and Scopoletin Glycoside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Trans-Cinnamic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Synthetic Growth Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Enzymes .......................................................................................................................................................... 400 Excretions from Excised Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Liberation of Organic Compounds from Seeds and Fruits ............................ 401 Amino Acids and Sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Flavones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Phenolic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Gaseous Excretions (Ethylene, Ammonia, Hydrocyanic Acid)... 403 Liberation of Organic Compounds from Plant Residues ..................................... 403 Phenolic Compounds ......................................................................................................................... 404 3-Acetyl-6-methoxybenzaldehyde .......................................................................................... 404 Amino Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Amygdalin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Phlorizin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Excretions from Leaves ............................................................................................................................. 408 Absinthin .................................................................................................................................................... 408 Amino Acids ............................................................................................................................................ 409 Juglone (5-Hydroxy1,4-naphthoquinone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 The Role of Excreted Organic Compounds in the Interaction of Higher Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 The Possibility of Direct Action of Excreted Compounds upon other Plants ....................................................................................................................................................................... 410 Microbial Deeompositlon of Compounds Excreted by Higher Plants to Phytotoxic Substances .............................................................................................................................. 412 Influence of the Microbial Balance in Soil by Excreted Compounds... 412 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Literature Cited 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195 citations
TL;DR: A theory of crop rotation was developed embodying the general idea that each member in a rotation should be a species not inhibited in its growth by toxic substances left from the preceding crop, and the notion that toxic substances may be of importance in regulating crop yields was discounted.
Abstract: That toxic substances may be given out to soil by higher plants and that these substances may affect the growth of the same or other species is a theory which while old is not yet generally accepted. DeCandolle (8) noted that certain species appeared to be specifically inhibitory to the growth of associated species, as, for example, Euphorbia versus flax and thistles versus oats. On the basis of these observations deCandolle developed a theory of crop rotation embodying the general idea that each member in a rotation should be a species not inhibited in its growth by toxic substances left from the preceding crop. Liebig (15), while he originally supported the theory of deCandolle-, later and as a result of his exhaustive analyses on the depletion of soil minerals by crops, came to the conclusion that not only the amounts but the balances between inorganic materials in the soil are of importance in the growth of plants. On this basis he ultimately discounted the notion that toxic substances may be of importance in regulating crop yields. From the time of Liebig until the present day, plant growth interactions have been almost unanimously interpreted in terms of mineral nutrition effects, or more recently in terms of water competition. The interest in toxic secretions of plants arose in part from a consideration of so-called soil sickness due to one-crop agriculture. Thus it was frequently observed in early experiments that as a piece of ground was continuously cropped to one plant the yields decreased and that these decreases could not be made up by additional fertilizer. Besides the injurious after-effects or yieldlowering effects of one-crop agriculture, several cases of harmful interaction between plants grown adjacent to each other in a field, or of one crop on a succeeding crop, were also recorded. Thus effects of grass on fruit trees, of walnut trees on other plants, of corn, rye, thistles, turnips, sesame, rutabaga and others, were ob-
150 citations
TL;DR: Plant/plant chemical interactions have been well recognized in commercial agriculture and form the basis of many common agricultural practices and are currently being utilized in modern plant science in the development of bioassay systems for detecting growth regulators.
Abstract: Substances potentially involved in allelopathy are liberated from plants by (a) leaching of foliage by rain, (b) abscission and litter fall, (c) volatilization from foliage, and (d) root exudation. Substances, including metabolites such as mineral nutrients, carbohydrates, amino and organic acids, and growth regulators, can be leached from a wide variety of plants by rain and dew, and the quantity and quality of losses are affected by a great number of both external and internal factors. Materials leached from one plant may have an influence upon the development of the same or other adjacent plants. Plant/plant chemical interactions have been well recognized in commercial agriculture and, in fact, form the basis of many common agricultural practices. They are currently being utilized in modern plant science in the development of bioassay systems for detecting growth regulators, the use of rootstocks to influence the growth and development of scions, in detection and eradication of diseases, and in fruit storage and ripening.
137 citations