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Journal ArticleDOI

Alterations in physiology and anatomy during pregnancy.

01 Dec 2013-Best Practice & Research in Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology (Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol)-Vol. 27, Iss: 6, pp 791-802
TL;DR: Only with a sound knowledge of the physiology and anatomy changes can the care of an obstetric parturient be safely optimized for a better maternal and fetal outcome.
Abstract: Pregnant women undergo profound anatomical and physiological changes so that they can cope with the increased physical and metabolic demands of their pregnancies. The cardiovascular, respiratory, haematological, renal, gastrointestinal and endocrine systems all undergo important physiological alterations and adaptations needed to allow development of the fetus and to allow the mother and fetus to survive the demands of childbirth. Such alterations in anatomy and physiology may cause difficulties in interpreting signs, symptoms, and biochemical investigations, making the clinical assessment of a pregnant woman inevitably confusing but challenging. Understanding these changes is important for every practicing obstetrician, as the pathological deviations from the normal physiological alterations may not be clear-cut until an adverse outcome has resulted. Only with a sound knowledge of the physiology and anatomy changes can the care of an obstetric parturient be safely optimized for a better maternal and fetal outcome.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Gender differences in systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases are considered, and human data is summarized that outlines the prevalence of common autoimmune diseases specific to adult males and females in countries commonly surveyed.

679 citations


Cites background from "Alterations in physiology and anato..."

  • ...Pregnancy involves physiological changes in the mother, including elevation of cardiac output, increased basal metabolic rate, increased lipid levels, and weight gain (Forsum and Lof, 2007; Granger, 2002; Lain and Catalano, 2007; Tan and Tan, 2013)....

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Journal Article
TL;DR: In the first trimester of pregnancy, a reduction in iron absorption is followed by a progressive rise in absorption throughout the remainder of pregnancy as mentioned in this paper, which is the same as in non-pregnant women.

443 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This document will provide readers with up-to-date and comprehensive information, guidelines, and recommendations for all aspects of maternal resuscitation.
Abstract: This is the first scientific statement from the American Heart Association on maternal resuscitation. This document will provide readers with up-to-date and comprehensive information, guidelines, and recommendations for all aspects of maternal resuscitation. Maternal resuscitation is an acute event that involves many subspecialties and allied health providers; this document will be relevant to all healthcare providers who are involved in resuscitation and specifically maternal resuscitation.

263 citations

OtherDOI
TL;DR: How adverse influences during fetal life and early development program an increased risk for cardiovascular disease including high blood pressure and the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the fetal origins of cardiovascular pathology are highlighted are highlighted.
Abstract: Low birth weight serves as a crude proxy for impaired growth during fetal life and indicates a failure for the fetus to achieve its full growth potential. Low birth weight can occur in response to numerous etiologies that include complications during pregnancy, poor prenatal care, parental smoking, maternal alcohol consumption, or stress. Numerous epidemiological and experimental studies demonstrate that birth weight is inversely associated with blood pressure and coronary heart disease. Sex and age impact the developmental programming of hypertension. In addition, impaired growth during fetal life also programs enhanced vulnerability to a secondary insult. Macrosomia, which occurs in response to maternal obesity, diabetes, and excessive weight gain during gestation, is also associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Yet, the exact mechanisms that permanently change the structure, physiology, and endocrine health of an individual across their lifespan following altered growth during fetal life are not entirely clear. Transmission of increased risk from one generation to the next in the absence of an additional prenatal insult indicates an important role for epigenetic processes. Experimental studies also indicate that the sympathetic nervous system, the renin angiotensin system, increased production of oxidative stress, and increased endothelin play an important role in the developmental programming of blood pressure in later life. Thus, this review will highlight how adverse influences during fetal life and early development program an increased risk for cardiovascular disease including high blood pressure and provide an overview of the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the fetal origins of cardiovascular pathology.

171 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim of this monograph is to provide a history of Pediatrics in the United States and some of the techniques used, as well as some new ideas, which were developed during the 1980s and 1990s.
Abstract: BOWER, B. D. (1954). Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 23, 215. DATHAN, J. G., and HARVEY, C. C. (1965). British Medical Journal, 1, 1181. FANCONI, G., and BOTEZN, A. (1948). Helvetica Paediatrica Acta, 3, 264. FARBER, S., and VAWTER, G. F. (1966). Journal of Pediatrics, 68, 480. INMAN, P. M., GORDON, B., and TRINDER, P. (1956). British Medical Journal, 2, 1202. McCoy, J. E., CARRE, I. J., and FREEMAN, M. (1960). Pediatrics, 25, 304. MCGREGOR, M. E., and RAYNER, P. H. W. (1964). Lancet, 2, 1083. SwIFr, H. (1914). Australasian Medical Congress, 10th Session, Auckland, New Zealand, p. 547. WARKANY, J., and HUBBARD, D. M. (1953). Journal of Pediatrics, 42, 239. WIED, R. M., and ROBERTS, 1. (1926). British Mfedical Journal, 1, 1076.

131 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1971-Chest
TL;DR: An attempt has been made to direct the evolution of critical care medicine based on the author's personal experiences with the development of emergency care and intensive care programs during the past decade, and on review of the available literature.

2,051 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A population-based study to estimate the relative risk and incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period within a well-defined geographic area and to describe trends in incidence over time is performed.
Abstract: The incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy has remained constant in the past 30 years. While the incidence of pulmonary embolism has been much higher in the postpartum period, it has ...

1,190 citations

Book
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The third edition of this work is a reference guide for a new generation of obstetricians and gynaecologists.
Abstract: The third edition of this work is a reference guide for a new generation of obstetricians and gynaecologists.

971 citations

Book
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: The third edition of this book as mentioned in this paper is a reference guide for a new generation of obstetricians and gynaecologists, with a focus on women's health and fertility.
Abstract: The third edition of this work is a reference guide for a new generation of obstetricians and gynaecologists.

957 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recent advances in carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy suggest that preventive measures should be aimed at improving insulin sensitivity in women predisposed to GDM, and further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms and consequences of alterations in lipid metabolism duringregnancy.

700 citations