Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects—2010
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment1, University of Oulu2, Centre for Health Protection3, University of Southern Denmark4, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research5, Imperial College London6, Merck KGaA7, Liverpool John Moores University8, Procter & Gamble9, University of Würzburg10, Charité11, University of Tampere12, University of Manchester13, Maastricht University14, National Institutes of Health15, Clariant16, Nestlé17, Pablo de Olavide University18, Vrije Universiteit Brussel19, University of Antwerp20, University of Tübingen21, Istituto Superiore di Sanità22
TL;DR: In this paper, Adler et al. present a survey of the authors' work in the field of bioinformatics, including the following authors:Sarah AdlerDavid BasketterStuart CretonOlavi PelkonenJan van BenthemValerie Zuang • Klaus Ejner AndersenAlexandre Angers-LoustauAynur AptulaAnna Bal-PriceEmilio Benfenati • Ulrike BernauerJos BessemsFrederic Y. BoisAlan BoobisEsther BrandonSusanne Bremer • Thomas
Abstract: Sarah AdlerDavid BasketterStuart CretonOlavi PelkonenJan van BenthemValerie Zuang • Klaus Ejner AndersenAlexandre Angers-LoustauAynur AptulaAnna Bal-PriceEmilio Benfenati • Ulrike BernauerJos BessemsFrederic Y. BoisAlan BoobisEsther BrandonSusanne Bremer • Thomas BroschardSilvia CasatiSandra CoeckeRaffaella CorviMark CroninGeorge Daston • Wolfgang DekantSusan FelterElise GrignardUrsula Gundert-RemyTuula HeinonenIan Kimber • Jos KleinjansHannu KomulainenReinhard KreilingJoachim KreysaSofia Batista LeiteGeorge Loizou • Gavin MaxwellPaolo MazzatortaSharon MunnStefan PfuhlerPascal PhrakonkhamAldert Piersma • Albrecht PothPilar PrietoGuillermo RepettoVera RogiersGreet SchoetersMichael Schwarz • Rositsa SerafimovaHanna TahtiEmanuela TestaiJoost van DelftHenk van LoverenMathieu Vinken • Andrew WorthJose ´-Manuel Zaldivar
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Research Institute for Fragrance Materials1, Columbia University Medical Center2, Malmö University3, University of Nebraska–Lincoln4, University of São Paulo5, University of Würzburg6, Oregon Health & Science University7, International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc.8, Symrise9, Vanderbilt University10, Kyoto University11, Takasago International Corporation12, University of Tennessee13, University of Arizona14
TL;DR: This publication is designed to update the RifM safety assessment process, which follows a series of decision trees, reflecting advances in approaches in risk assessment and new and classical toxicological methodologies employed by RIFM over the past ten years.
1,148 citations
TL;DR: Engineered biomaterials able to mimic the in vivo characteristics of stem cell niche provide suitable in vitro tools for dissecting the different roles exerted by the ECM and its molecular components on stem cell behavior.
1,022 citations
TL;DR: 3D printed skin tissue was morphologically and biologically representative of in vivo human skin tissue and can be further extended for enhancing the complexity of the skin model via the incorporation of secondary and adnexal structures or the inclusion of diseased cells to serve as a model for studying the pathophysiology of skin diseases.
Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, a flexible automated on-demand platform for the free-form fabrication of complex living architectures, is a novel approach for the design and engineering of huma...
582 citations
TL;DR: The TTC principle can be applied for low concentrations in food of chemicals that lack toxicity data, provided that there is a sound intake estimate, and the use of a decision tree to apply the TTC principle is proposed.
Abstract: The threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) is a pragmatic risk assessment tool that is based on the principle of establishing a human exposure threshold value for all chemicals, below which there is a very low probability of an appreciable risk to human health. The concept that there are levels of exposure that do not cause adverse effects is inherent in setting acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for chemicals with known toxicological profiles. The TTC principle extends this concept by proposing that a de minimis value can be identified for many chemicals, in the absence of a full toxicity database, based on their chemical structures and the known toxicity of chemicals which share similar structural characteristics. The establishment and application of widely accepted TTC values would benefit consumers, industry and regulators. By avoiding unnecessary toxicity testing and safety evaluations when human intakes are below such a threshold, application of the TTC approach would focus limited resources of time, cost, animal use and expertise on the testing and evaluation of substances with the greatest potential to pose risks to human health and thereby contribute to a reduction in the use of animals. An Expert Group of the European branch of the International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe-has examined the TTC principle for its wider applicability in food safety evaluation. The Expert Group examined metabolism and accumulation, structural alerts, endocrine disrupting chemicals and specific endpoints, such as neurotoxicity, teratogenicity, developmental toxicity, allergenicity and immunotoxicity, and determined whether such properties or endpoints had to be taken into consideration specifically in a step-wise approach. The Expert Group concluded that the TTC principle can be applied for low concentrations in food of chemicals that lack toxicity data, provided that there is a sound intake estimate. The use of a decision tree to apply the TTC principle is proposed, and this paper describes the step-wise process in detail. Proteins, heavy metals and polyhalogenated-dibenzodioxins and related compounds were excluded from this approach. When assessing a chemical, a review of prior knowledge and context of use should always precede the use of the TTC decision tree. The initial step is the identification and evaluation of possible genotoxic and/or high potency carcinogens. Following this step, non-genotoxic substances are evaluated in a sequence of steps related to the concerns that would be associated with increasing intakes. For organophosphates a TTC of 18microg per person per day (0.3 microg/kg bw/day) is proposed, and when the compound is not an OP, the TTC values for the Cramer structural classes III, II and I, with their respective TTC levels (e.g. 1800, 540 and 90 microg per person per day; or 30, 9 and 1.5 microg/kg bw /day), would be applied sequentially. All other endpoints or properties were shown to have a distribution of no observed effect levels (NOELs) similar to the distribution of NOELs for general toxicity endpoints in Cramer classes I, II and III. The document was discussed with a wider audience during a workshop held in March 2003 (see list of workshop participants).
378 citations
TL;DR: An overview of key enabling technologies is provided and the wealth of recent work regarding on-chip tissue models is highlighted, to discuss the current challenges and future directions of organ-on-chip development.
325 citations
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TL;DR: Dendritic cells are adept at endocytosis and express relatively low levels of surface MHC class I and II products and costimu-latory molecules, but can take up antigen tive responses critical for resistance to infections and but do not present it efficiently to T cells.
2,268 citations
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TL;DR: Highly integrated microdevices show great promise for basic biomedical and pharmaceutical research, and robust and portable point-of-care devices could be used in clinical settings, in both the developed and the developing world.
Abstract: Microsystems create new opportunities for the spatial and temporal control of cell growth and stimuli by combining surfaces that mimic complex biochemistries and geometries of the extracellular matrix with microfluidic channels that regulate transport of fluids and soluble factors. Further integration with bioanalytic microsystems results in multifunctional platforms for basic biological insights into cells and tissues, as well as for cell-based sensors with biochemical, biomedical and environmental functions. Highly integrated microdevices show great promise for basic biomedical and pharmaceutical research, and robust and portable point-of-care devices could be used in clinical settings, in both the developed and the developing world.
2,082 citations
TL;DR: It is time to 'upgrade' cancer epigenetics research and put together an ambitious plan to tackle the many unanswered questions in this field using epigenomics approaches.
Abstract: An altered pattern of epigenetic modifications is central to many common human diseases, including cancer. Many studies have explored the mosaic patterns of DNA methylation and histone modification in cancer cells on a gene-by-gene basis; among their results has been the seminal finding of transcriptional silencing of tumour-suppressor genes by CpG-island-promoter hypermethylation. However, recent technological advances are now allowing cancer epigenetics to be studied genome-wide — an approach that has already begun to provide both biological insight and new avenues for translational research. It is time to 'upgrade' cancer epigenetics research and put together an ambitious plan to tackle the many unanswered questions in this field using epigenomics approaches.
2,080 citations
Food and Drug Administration1, GE Healthcare2, Thermo Fisher Scientific3, Illumina4, Agilent Technologies5, National Institutes of Health6, Applied Biosystems7, University of Toledo8, Stratagene9, United States Environmental Protection Agency10, University of Massachusetts Boston11, Clinical Data, Inc12, University of California, Los Angeles13, SAS Institute14, Biogen Idec15, Yale University16, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory17, Discovery Institute18, Stanford University19, Harvard University20, Vanderbilt University21, University of Texas at Dallas22, University of Oslo23, Novartis24, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center25, Luminex Corporation26, Wake Forest University27, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign28
TL;DR: This study describes the experimental design and probe mapping efforts behind the MicroArray Quality Control project and shows intraplatform consistency across test sites as well as a high level of interplatform concordance in terms of genes identified as differentially expressed.
Abstract: Over the last decade, the introduction of microarray technology has had a profound impact on gene expression research. The publication of studies with dissimilar or altogether contradictory results, obtained using different microarray platforms to analyze identical RNA samples, has raised concerns about the reliability of this technology. The MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC) project was initiated to address these concerns, as well as other performance and data analysis issues. Expression data on four titration pools from two distinct reference RNA samples were generated at multiple test sites using a variety of microarray-based and alternative technology platforms. Here we describe the experimental design and probe mapping efforts behind the MAQC project. We show intraplatform consistency across test sites as well as a high level of interplatform concordance in terms of genes identified as differentially expressed. This study provides a resource that represents an important first step toward establishing a framework for the use of microarrays in clinical and regulatory settings.
1,987 citations