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Journal ArticleDOI

Aluminum as anode for energy storage and conversion: a review

20 Jul 2002-Journal of Power Sources (Elsevier)-Vol. 110, Iss: 1, pp 1-10
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of aluminum-air secondary batteries is presented, including aqueous electrolyte primary batteries, aluminum air batteries, and molten salt secondary batteries, as well as solution additive to electrolytes.
About: This article is published in Journal of Power Sources.The article was published on 2002-07-20. It has received 567 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries & Battery (electricity).
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TL;DR: The energy that can be stored in Li-air and Li-S cells is compared with Li-ion; the operation of the cells is discussed, as are the significant hurdles that will have to be overcome if such batteries are to succeed.
Abstract: Li-ion batteries have transformed portable electronics and will play a key role in the electrification of transport. However, the highest energy storage possible for Li-ion batteries is insufficient for the long-term needs of society, for example, extended-range electric vehicles. To go beyond the horizon of Li-ion batteries is a formidable challenge; there are few options. Here we consider two: Li-air (O(2)) and Li-S. The energy that can be stored in Li-air (based on aqueous or non-aqueous electrolytes) and Li-S cells is compared with Li-ion; the operation of the cells is discussed, as are the significant hurdles that will have to be overcome if such batteries are to succeed. Fundamental scientific advances in understanding the reactions occurring in the cells as well as new materials are key to overcoming these obstacles. The potential benefits of Li-air and Li-S justify the continued research effort that will be needed.

7,895 citations


Cites background from "Aluminum as anode for energy storag..."

  • ...Other options, especially Zn–air, have been reviewed in detail recently elsewher...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The notion of sustainability is introduced through discussion of the energy and environmental costs of state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries, considering elemental abundance, toxicity, synthetic methods and scalability.
Abstract: Energy storage using batteries offers a solution to the intermittent nature of energy production from renewable sources; however, such technology must be sustainable. This Review discusses battery development from a sustainability perspective, considering the energy and environmental costs of state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries and the design of new systems beyond Li-ion. Images: batteries, car, globe: © iStock/Thinkstock.

5,271 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
16 Apr 2015-Nature
TL;DR: A rechargeable aluminium battery with high-rate capability that uses an aluminium metal anode and a three-dimensional graphitic-foam cathode, found to enable fast anion diffusion and intercalation, and to withstand more than 7,500 cycles without capacity decay.
Abstract: An aluminium-ion battery is reported that can charge within one minute, and offers improved cycle life compared to previous devices; it operates through the electrochemical deposition and dissolution of aluminium at the anode, and the intercalation/de-intercalation of chloroaluminate anions into a novel graphitic-foam cathode. The low cost and useful electrical properties of aluminium suggest that rechargeable Al-ion batteries could offer viable and safe battery technology, but problems with cathode materials, poor cycling performance and other complications have persisted. Here Hongjie Dai and colleagues describe an Al-ion battery that can charge within one minute and offers substantially improved cycle life with little decay in capacity compared to previous devices reported in the literature. The battery operates through the electrochemical deposition and dissolution of Al and intercalation/de-intercalation of chloroaluminate anions into a novel 3D graphitic foam cathode using a non-flammable ionic liquid electrolyte. The development of new rechargeable battery systems could fuel various energy applications, from personal electronics to grid storage1,2. Rechargeable aluminium-based batteries offer the possibilities of low cost and low flammability, together with three-electron-redox properties leading to high capacity3. However, research efforts over the past 30 years have encountered numerous problems, such as cathode material disintegration4, low cell discharge voltage (about 0.55 volts; ref. 5), capacitive behaviour without discharge voltage plateaus (1.1–0.2 volts6 or 1.8–0.8 volts7) and insufficient cycle life (less than 100 cycles) with rapid capacity decay (by 26–85 per cent over 100 cycles)4,5,6,7. Here we present a rechargeable aluminium battery with high-rate capability that uses an aluminium metal anode and a three-dimensional graphitic-foam cathode. The battery operates through the electrochemical deposition and dissolution of aluminium at the anode, and intercalation/de-intercalation of chloroaluminate anions in the graphite, using a non-flammable ionic liquid electrolyte. The cell exhibits well-defined discharge voltage plateaus near 2 volts, a specific capacity of about 70 mA h g–1 and a Coulombic efficiency of approximately 98 per cent. The cathode was found to enable fast anion diffusion and intercalation, affording charging times of around one minute with a current density of ~4,000 mA g–1 (equivalent to ~3,000 W kg–1), and to withstand more than 7,500 cycles without capacity decay.

1,671 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the material characteristics that determine and influence the electrochemical potentials of electrodes are discussed, in particular the cathode materials that convert electricity and chemical potential through electrochemical intercalation reactions.

783 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI

1,243 citations

BookDOI
12 Apr 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, Fleig et al. discuss nonlinear dynamics in electrochemical systems, Katharina Krischer the electrochemistry of diamond, Yuri V. Pleskov passivity of metals, Hans-Henning Strehblow.
Abstract: Microelectrodes in solid-state ionics, Jurgen Fleig nonlinear dynamics in electrochemical systems, Katharina Krischer the electrochemistry of diamond, Yuri V. Pleskov passivity of metals, Hans-Henning Strehblow.

1,108 citations

Book
01 Jan 1971

847 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the growth rate of zinc dendrites in alkaline zincate solutions as a function of overpotential (η), concentration, and temperature.
Abstract: Measurements have been made of the growth rate of zinc dendrites in alkaline zincate solutions as a function of overpotential (η), concentration , and temperature The tip radii have been measured by electron microscopy At constant potential, an initiation time of between 5 and 100 min is observed, depending on η, c, and T The dendrite grows linearly with time, at a rate depending on η, c, and T The total current to base and dendrite was independent of time until a time , where (the time for initiation obtained from the growth rate vs time relation) Thereafter, A critical overpotential was determined, Below this , sponge was formed Dendrites were observed up to ; above this the deposition was heavy sponge At a given , the growth rate of a given dendrite increased with η according to an exponential law The growing tip is parabolic, where No twinning was observedThe basic model used depended on the increase in cd possible for an electrodic reaction when the diffusion current depends on a radius of curvature of the substrate, rather than the linear diffusion layer thickness, When the tip of a dendrite‐precursor attains this condition, its growth is released from the diffusion control characteristic of it in the predendrite situation, and it grows further under predominantly activation control at a rate far greater than that possible in any other direction, where the radii of curvature are much greater The Gibbs radius‐dependent overpotential term is also present, although it has a minimized influence The initiation of the dendrite is treated in terms of growing pyramids on the substrate surface At first the growth is linear‐diffusion controlled, but it is shown that the rotation of the spiral, within the linear diffusion boundary surrounding the sphere, gives rise to a decrease of the effective radius of curvature of the dendrite tip until the value is attained, which is effectively the condition for the dendrite initiation The theory of the propagation in terms of the activation, diffusion and Gibbs overpotential is consistent, in terms of , with experiment A derived growth‐time line is also numerically consistent with experiment The dendrite growth rate as a function of and η are numerically calculated with reasonable consistency The tip radius can also be approximately calculated in terms of the present model

364 citations