American Society of Echocardiography clinical recommendations for multimodality cardiovascular imaging of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Endorsed by the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography.
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"American Society of Echocardiograph..." refers background or methods in this paper
...because LA volume has been shown to be the more accurate index of LA size, LA volume indexed to body surface area should be assessed in accordance with ASE guidelines.(2) There are three main mechanical functions of the left atrium: (1) reservoir function (during ventricular systole and isovolumic relaxation), (2) conduit function (during early diastole), and (3) contractile (booster pump) function (during atrial systole)....
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...Not infrequently, RV hypertrophy occurs as well, and RV wall thickness should be measured in subcostal or the parasternal images.(2) Contrast echocardiography, if needed, should be used as described above in the ‘‘Echocardiography’’ section....
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...Traditionally, the biplane Simpson’s method has been applied to the measurement of LV volumes and ejection fraction (EF).(2) Recently, real-time three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography has been shown to provide more accurate means of quantification,(3) though there is a paucity of data on its accuracy in HCM....
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"American Society of Echocardiograph..." refers methods in this paper
...Stress testing using supine bicycle protocols can be considered in selected patients who are unable to perform upright exercise and can facilitate themeasurement of LV filling pressures and pulmonary artery systolic pressure at rest and during exercise.(19) However, given the increased venous return in a supine position, LVOT gradients can be lower during supine bicycle protocols....
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...The assessment of LA function via Doppler echocardiographic techniques has been performed by indirect methods using pulmonary venous inflow signals and LA volumes by 2D and 3D echocardiography during the different atrial phases.(19) Other indirect measurements of LA function have included the calculation of LA ejection force and kinetic energy, which are increased in patients with obstructive HCM and are reduced (though not normalized) after relief of obstruction....
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...Echocardiography is the only modality recommended for the evaluation of LV diastolic function, and a comprehensive approach should be followed per the recent ASE and European Association of Echocardiography guidelines.(19)...
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