Reference EntryDOI
Ammonia, 2. Production Processes
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TLDR
In this paper, the authors describe the process steps of ammonia production, including feedstock pretreatment and raw gas production, and demonstrate the effect of pressure and other variations of the synthesis loop.Abstract:
The article contains sections titled:
1. Introduction
2. Historical Development
3. Thermodynamic Data
4. Ammonia Synthesis Reaction
4.1. General Aspects
4.2. Catalyst Surface and Reaction Mechanism
4.3. Kinetics
5. Catalysts
5.1. Classical Iron Catalysts
5.1.1. Composition
5.1.2. Particle Size and Shape
5.1.3. Catalyst-Precursor Manufacture
5.1.4. Catalyst Reduction
5.1.5. Catalyst Poisons
5.2. Other Catalysts
5.2.1. General Aspects
5.2.2. Metals with Catalytic Potential
5.2.3. Commercial Ruthenium Catalysts
6. Process Steps of Ammonia Production
6.1. Synthesis Gas Production
6.1.1. Feedstock Pretreatment and Raw Gas Production
6.1.2. Carbon Monoxide Shift Conversion
6.1.3. Gas Purification
6.2. Compression
6.3. Ammonia Synthesis
6.3.1. Synthesis Loop Configurations
6.3.2. Formation of Ammonia in the Converter
6.3.3. Waste-Heat Utilization and Cooling
6.3.4. Ammonia Recovery from the Ammonia Synthesis Loop
6.3.5. Inert-Gas and Purge-Gas Management
6.3.6. Influence of Pressure and Other Variables of the Synthesis Loop
6.3.7. Example of an Industrial Synthesis Loopread more
Citations
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A Roadmap to the Ammonia Economy
Douglas R. MacFarlane,Pavel V. Cherepanov,Jaecheol Choi,Bryan H. R. Suryanto,Rebecca Y. Hodgetts,Jacinta Bakker,Federico M. Ferrero Vallana,Alexandr N. Simonov +7 more
TL;DR: In this article, the pathways forward in regard to current-day technology (generation 1) and immediate future approaches (generation 2) that rely on Haber-Bosch process are discussed.
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Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrogen: From Haber-Bosch to Ammonia Artificial Leaf
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A review of ammonia as a compression ignition engine fuel
Pavlos Dimitriou,Rahat Javaid +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed overview of ammonia as a fuel for compression ignition engines is provided, which can be combusted with diesel or any other lower autoignition temperature fuel in dual-fuel mode and lead to a significant reduction of carbon-based emissions.
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Plasma N2-fixation : 1900-2014
TL;DR: In this article, a review covers the important findings in the field of plasma nitrogen fixation and critically analyzes the studies reported from 1900 to 2014, with a focus on energy efficient alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Use of Low Temperature van der Waals Adsorption Isotherms in Determining the Surface Area of Iron Synthetic Ammonia Catalysts
Paul H. Emmett,Stephen Brunauer +1 more
Book ChapterDOI
Reaction Rates and Selectivity in Catalyst Pores
TL;DR: In this paper, the physical picture of the pore structure, the mechanism of transport in catalyst pore, and physical factors determining reaction rates on porous catalysts are discussed, and a large number of interesting deductions are possible.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interaction of nitrogen with iron surfaces: I. Fe(100) and Fe(111)
TL;DR: In this article, the adsorption of N2 on clean Fe(100) and Fe(111) single-crystal surfaces was studied in the temperature range 140-1000 K by means of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopic (UPS), thermal-desorption (TDS) and work-function measurements (Δφ).
Journal ArticleDOI
Adsorption of nitrogen on potassium promoted Fe(111) and (100) surfaces
Gerhard Ertl,S.B. Lee,M. Weiss +2 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of preadsorbed K on the energy and kinetics of molecular and atomic nitrogen adsorption on Fe(111) and Fe(100) was investigated.