An analysis of pilot symbol assisted modulation for Rayleigh fading channels (mobile radio)
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...Although the estimation error variance for some estimation methods in Rayleigh fading has been obtained [ 25 ], analytic and/or empirical distributions for estimation error are generally unknown....
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...The effect of imperfect AGC for nonadaptive MQAM using pilot-symbol-assisted modulation (PSAM) in Rayleigh fading was studied in [ 25 ], [42]....
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...In Rayleigh fading, this bound on estimation error can be achieved using the pilot-symbol-assisted estimation technique described in [ 25 ] with appropriate choice of parameters.1 Finally, hardware constraints and pulse-shaping considerations may dictate how often the transmitter can change its rate and/or power....
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...Even so, the estimation error can be kept within this range using the PSAM estimation technique described in [ 25 ] with appropriate choice of parameters (pilot symbol power, spacing, and interpolation length as a function of the channel Doppler)....
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...Pilot symbols used for channel estimation will also reduce spectral efficiency, particularly for rapidly varying channels, where the pilot symbols must be sent frequently [ 25 ]....
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