scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

An Analysis of the Transformation of Mega-Pharma’s Business Model toward the Emerging Market

Yaeko Mitsumori1
01 Aug 2020-Vol. 4, Iss: 4, pp 253-262
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the introduction of product patents on the Indian pharmaceutical market were discussed and the effect of the patent law with product patent protection in pharmaceutical field was discussed.
Abstract: The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS) requires all member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to introduce a TRIPS-compatible patent law into their countries. Due to the enforcement of TRIPS in 1995, India in 2005 revised its patent law and enacted the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005. The 2005 ACT included product patent in pharmaceutical field. Due to the new patent law with product patent protection, large foreign capital pharmaceutical companies one after another re-entered the Indian market and started engaging in both RD many academic papers were published in this context during that time. However, since 2005, when product patents were actually introduced in India, few academic papers were published. This study is unique as it discusses the effects of the introduction of product patents on the Indian pharmaceutical market.

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between government corruption, market segmentation, and renewable energy technology innovation, and showed that government corruption can increase the degree of market segmentations, and both government corruption and segmentation can significantly reduce regional renewable energy technologies innovation.

79 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2020
TL;DR: A comparative analysis of maturity level in Industry 4.0 of Brazilian companies with German companies is presented in this paper, with the aim of identifying learning opportunities to increase competitiveness and to support companies to follow the way to Industry 5.0.
Abstract: The article presents a comparative analysis of maturity level in Industry 4.0, of Brazilian companies with German Industry, seeking to identify learning opportunities to increase competitiveness. It was used the maturity model in Industry 4.0 developed by VDMA (German Mechanical Engineering Industry Association), applied to German companies, serving as benchmark. The same model was applied to Brazilian companies, from the State of Espirito Santo, located in the most developed region of the country, but with lower industrial density, and which has great challenges to increase its participation in the national and international markets. A field research was carried out with 46 industries, which participated in workshops to understand the fundamentals and to evaluate the maturity level in Industry 4.0. The individual results were processed by the platform of VDMA, indicating the levels in six dimensions of the model and the general result on a scale of 0 to 5. The results of all companies were tabulated, allowing the comparison with the research carried out with German companies. The study showed that, on average, Brazilian companies have the same level of maturity of German companies in readiness for Industry 4.0, with grade 0.9 in a scale of 0 to 5. But, there are significant differences in compared dimensions. 5.6% of German companies are at the advanced level in Industry 4.0, especially the technology developers, while Brazilian companies studied are still at the most basic levels. Both Industries are skeptical about investments in Industry 4.0 and the level of evaluation on Strategy dimension is still low. The comparison of expectations and difficulties allowed identify essential points to support these companies to follow the way to Industry 4.0.

12 citations


Cites background from "An Analysis of the Transformation o..."

  • ...Another factor that distinguishes the state, as potential, is to have the best result in the national high school evaluation [22]....

    [...]

DOI
12 May 2022
TL;DR: An inventory model for deteriorating items having the trapezoidal type of demand function in both crisp and fuzzy environments is developed by considering three possible cases of shortages which are completely backlogged and it is observed that the optimal results of the fuzzy model are more appropriate to real-world inventory problems.
Abstract: Recently, various deterministic inventory models were developed for deteriorating items with the uniform demand pattern (either increasing or decreasing) throughout the cycle. However, such types of models are not suitable for many real business problems. In particular, the demand patterns of various items are not steady throughout the cycle. In many inventory models, ordinarily, the demand rises first, then it becomes static and finally decreases, and such types of demands can be portrayed by considering trapezoidal functions. Moreover, the costs associated with the inventory become imprecise due to several socio-economical factors. As a result, the optimal solution obtained by the classical inventory model may not fit the actual scenario. Keeping this in view, we develop here an inventory model for deteriorating items having the trapezoidal type of demand function in both crisp and fuzzy environments by considering three possible cases of shortages which are completely backlogged. Furthermore, in view of the comparative study of both scenarios, different data sets of constraints are examined for optimal results. Also, it is observed that the optimal results of the fuzzy model are more appropriate to real-world inventory problems. Finally, in order to strengthen the present investigation, the managerial insight of fluctuation in parameters is presented analytically via sensitivity analysis.

2 citations

01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that the amount paid to the State Government is only excludible from the transaction value, and that what is not payable or to be paid as sales tax/Vat, should not be charged from the third party/customer.
Abstract: “the price or cost paid to the manufacturer constitutes the assessable value on which excise duty is payable. it is also obvious that the excise duty payable has to be excluded while calculating transaction value for levy of excise duty. Sales tax or Vat or turnover tax is payable or paid to the State Government on the transaction, which is regarded as sale, i.e., for transfer of title in the manufactured goods. the amount paid or payable to the State Government towards sales tax, Vat, etc. is excluded because it is not an amount paid to the manufacturer towards the price, but an amount paid or payable to the State Government for the sale transaction, i.e., transfer of title from the manufacturer to a third party. accordingly, the amount paid to the State Government is only excludible from the transaction value. What is not payable or to be paid as sales tax/Vat, should not be charged from the third party/customer, but if it charged and is not payable or paid, it is a part and should not be excluded from the transaction value.” (para 22)

1 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review provides a comprehensive survey of proprietary drug discovery and development efforts performed by Indian companies between 1994 and mid‐2016, based on the identification and detailed analysis of pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and contract research companies active in proprietary new chemical entity research and development in India.
Abstract: This review provides a comprehensive survey of proprietary drug discovery and development efforts performed by Indian companies between 1994 and mid-2016. It is based on the identification and detailed analysis of pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and contract research companies active in proprietary new chemical entity (NCE) research and development (R&D) in India. Information on preclinical and clinical development compounds was collected by company, therapeutic indication, mode of action, target class, and development status. The analysis focuses on the overall pipeline and its evolution over two decades, contributions by type of company, therapeutic focus, attrition rates, and contribution to Western pharmaceutical pipelines through licensing agreements. This comprehensive analysis is the first of its kind, and, in our view, represents a significant contribution to the understanding of the current state of the drug discovery and development industry in India.

31 citations


"An Analysis of the Transformation o..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Differding analyzed new chemical entity (NCE) development efforts by Indian pharmaceutical companies [1]....

    [...]

  • ...He also found current projects are targeting increasingly best-in-class compounds rather than first-in-class drugs [1]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored how Indian pharmaceutical firms have responded to changes in patent law, including the introduction of more extensive patent protection in 2005 as a condition of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIP) Agreement.
Abstract: The debate surrounding the World Trade Organization's Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement indicates that patents matter for development. Yet literature on the geography of knowledge transfer shows that knowledge is spatially sticky, suggesting that the impact of patents can be exaggerated. Using interview evidence, this paper explores how Indian pharmaceutical firms have responded to changes in patent law, including the introduction of more extensive patent protection in 2005 as a condition of TRIPs. A regime of limited patent protection for over three decades prior to TRIPs facilitated informal knowledge transfer and the emergence of a pharmaceutical industry with significant domestic capabilities. Contrary to some expectations, the Indian pharmaceutical industry has continued to grow post-TRIPs, with large domestic firms becoming involved in more formal technology transfer as part of an increasingly collaborative relationship with multinationals. This trend is also dr...

27 citations


"An Analysis of the Transformation o..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Based on his own study Horner found Indian pharmaceutical industry’s adaptation rely on broader institutional setting [4]....

    [...]

  • ...Horner analyzed Indian pharmaceutical firm’s business after a product patent was introduce in India [4]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of special dividend announcements for 5 companies listed in NASDAQ for the period of 2014-2018 was investigated and the empirical results calculated both in discrete and logarithmic forms.
Abstract: Announcing dividend pay-out policy by a company will signals market firm’s future prospects and changes its stock prices according to dividend signalling theory. By analysis the effect of special dividend announcements for 5 companies listed in NASDAQ for the period of 2014-2018, this study investigates the stock price reactions to special dividend announcement for 40 days around the event and challenges dividend signalling theory. The empirical results calculated both in discrete and logarithmic forms. Only few disordered significant abnormal returns and average abnormal returns occurred according to the t-test. The results show that shareholders do not gain value from announcement of special dividend in NASDAQ stock exchange market. That Results indicated from adjusted market model in this research do not support dividend-signalling theory Hence do not confirm that the announcement of dividend has significant effect on price of shares. In general the results consistent with the Miller and Modigliani (1961) dividend irrelevance hypothesis.

13 citations


"An Analysis of the Transformation o..." refers background in this paper

  • ...According to IBEF, the Indian pharmaceutical industry has many strong points:  Cost advantage;  Skilled manpower;  National Health Policy 2015 of India;  Reduction of approval time for new facilities; Increasing penetration of health insurance [13, 14]....

    [...]

01 Mar 2014
TL;DR: In a short span of less than 10 years after the new WTO/TRIPS based product patent regime came into effect, there have been many landmark judgments from Indian Courts on interpretation of various provisions of the exhaustive (Indian) Patents Act, 1970, as amended.
Abstract: In a short span of less than 10 years after the new WTO/TRIPS based product patent regime came into effect, there have been many landmark judgments from Indian Courts on interpretation of various provisions of the exhaustive (Indian) Patents Act, 1970, as amended. Even though very large number of product patents have been granted during this period, patent challenges and infringement suits are limited to a few blockbuster molecules. Currently, litigations are in progress, including those in appeals as well as on matters remanded back to patent office. The landmark cases, in recent times, are dealt with, herein. Additional areas which may require judicial intervention arising out of the ambiguities in the Act and Rules are also briefly dealt with.

11 citations


"An Analysis of the Transformation o..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Gapakumar G Nair, et al, also noticed that there have been mixed reactions from developed and developing countries & NGOs with regard to the world-class judgment from the Supreme Court of India and Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks of India [2]....

    [...]

  • ...Gapakumar G Nair, et al, selected several so-called “Landmark” patent litigation cases in India and analyzed the development and court decisions of these cases [2]....

    [...]

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: India’s pre-TRIPS patent regime that did not allow product patents in the pharmaceutical sector provided the impetus for the emergence of a generic pharmaceutical industry from the 1980s.
Abstract: India’s generic pharmaceutical producers face numerous challenges after the country’s patent law was amended to make it compatible with the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Two amendments were significant: introduction of product patent regime covering the area of pharmaceuticals, replacing the process patent regime existing earlier, and increase in patent term for pharmaceutical patents to 20 years, from the earlier 5–7 years (5 years from sealing of patent or 7 years from the date of application, whichever was lower). India’s pre-TRIPS patent regime that did not allow product patents in the pharmaceutical sector provided the impetus for the emergence of a generic pharmaceutical industry from the 1980s.

5 citations


"An Analysis of the Transformation o..." refers background in this paper

  • ...They also found these Indian pharmaceutical firms have been pouring significant amount of capital into R&D and actively applying for patents [5]....

    [...]