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Journal ArticleDOI

An emerging role of CD9 in stemness and chemoresistance.

18 Jun 2019-Oncotarget (Impact Journals, LLC)-Vol. 10, Iss: 40, pp 4000-4001
About: This article is published in Oncotarget.The article was published on 2019-06-18 and is currently open access. It has received 19 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Cancer & Stem cell.

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Journal ArticleDOI
05 Mar 2021-ACS Nano
TL;DR: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and microbubbles are nanoparticles in drug-delivery systems that are both considered important for clinical translation as discussed by the authors, however, there are no standards to evaluate or to compare the benefits of EVs (natural carrier) versus micro-bubbles (synthetic carrier) as drug carriers.
Abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and microbubbles are nanoparticles in drug-delivery systems that are both considered important for clinical translation. Current research has found that both microbubbles and EVs have the potential to be utilized as drug-delivery agents for therapeutic targets in various diseases. In combination with EVs, microbubbles are capable of delivering chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor sites and neighboring sites of damaged tissues. However, there are no standards to evaluate or to compare the benefits of EVs (natural carrier) versus microbubbles (synthetic carrier) as drug carriers. Both drug carriers are being investigated for release patterns and for pharmacokinetics; however, few researchers have focused on their targeted delivery or efficacy. In this Perspective, we compare EVs and microbubbles for a better understanding of their utility in terms of delivering drugs to their site of action and future clinical translation.

27 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A brief history of the field of CD9 involvement in oncogenesis and in the metastatic process of cancer, considering its potential value as a tumorassociated antigenic target is provided in this article.
Abstract: In the present minireview, we intend to provide a brief history of the field of CD9 involvement in oncogenesis and in the metastatic process of cancer, considering its potential value as a tumor-associated antigenic target. Over the years, CD9 has been identified as a favorable prognostic marker or predictor of metastatic potential depending on the cancer type. To understand its implications in cancer beside its use as an antigenic biomarker, it is essential to know its physiological functions, including its molecular partners in a given cell system. Moreover, the discovery that CD9 is one of the most specific and broadly expressed markers of extracellular membrane vesicles, nanometer-sized entities that are released into extracellular space and various physiological body fluids and play a role in intercellular communication under physiological and pathological conditions, notably the establishment of cancer metastases, has added a new dimension to our knowledge of CD9 function in cancer. Here, we will discuss these issues as well as the possible cancer therapeutic implications of CD9, their limitations, and pitfalls.

17 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally phospholipid enclosed nanoveicles released by many cells in the body as discussed by the authors, which are stable in circulation, have low immunogenicity, and act as carriers for functionally active biological molecules.
Abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally phospholipid enclosed nanovesicles released by many cells in the body. They are stable in circulation, have low immunogenicity, and act as carriers for functionally active biological molecules. They interact with target organs and bind to the receptors. Their target specificity is important to use EVs as noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic tools. EVs play a vital role in normal physiology and cellular communication. They are known to protect their cargo from degradation, which makes them important drug carriers for targeted drug delivery. Using EVs with markers and tracking their path in systemic circulation can be revolutionary in using them as diagnostic tools. We will discuss the scope of this in this paper. Although there are limitations in EVs isolation and storage, their high biocompatibility will fuel more innovations to overcome these challenges.

17 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The advent of advanced exosomes purification methods has made it possible to tap on the unexplored potential of these tiny particles in clinically-precise diagnosis and treatment of a myriad of diseases, and the recent COVID19 pandemic has opened up new opportunities for exosome technology to benefit humankind.
Abstract: In the field of medicine, technological discovery is a vital way to bridge knowledge gaps and equip us with the know-how to address biological challenges. Innovative technologies allow us to work faster and better understand complexities, especially pertaining to human health and disease [1–3]. Computer simulation and artificial intelligence play a significant role in the timely diagnosis and effective treatment of complex ailments such as cancer [2–5]. The inquisition towards developing and acquiring new technologies is quintessential in the journey towards improving the quality of patient care. The advent of advanced exosome purification methods has made it possible to tap on the unexplored potential of these tiny particles in clinically-precise diagnosis and treatment of a myriad of diseases [6–8]. More efforts are currently being funneled into research and development endeavors in order to increase the quality and reach of exosomes-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the near future. Exosomes are small nano-particles made by cells within our body [8–10]. They contain crucial information by way of proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids, facilitating cell-cell communication cells [8–10]. Structurally, exosomes are surrounded by lipid bilayers, which provides a robust layer of protection to the biological contents stored within [10]. The abundance of adhesive and surface proteins found on the surface of exosomes readily interact with the cellular membrane of target cells, allowing exosomes to essentially be vehicles to deliver cargo such as drugs [10–12]. The innovative use of exosomes as drug delivery systems for small molecules, cytokines, and other biological components makes them an ideal choice for clinical use [13]. In addition, the recent COVID19 pandemic has opened up new opportunities for exosome technology to benefit humankind. In the realm of vaccine development, Editorial

15 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) on CD9+ cells were analyzed with regard to proliferation, drug resistance, and migration.
Abstract: Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are responsible for the initiation, progression, and relapse of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Therefore, a therapeutic strategy targeting LSCs is a potential approach to eradicate AML. In this study, we aimed to identify LSC-specific surface markers and uncover the underlying mechanism of AML LSCs. Microarray gene expression data were used to investigate candidate AML-LSC-specific markers. CD9 expression in AML cell lines, patients with AML, and normal donors was evaluated by flow cytometry (FC). The biological characteristics of CD9-positive (CD9+) cells were analyzed by in vitro proliferation, chemotherapeutic drug resistance, migration, and in vivo xenotransplantation assays. The molecular mechanism involved in CD9+ cell function was investigated by gene expression profiling. The effects of alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) on CD9+ cells were analyzed with regard to proliferation, drug resistance, and migration. CD9, a cell surface protein, was specifically expressed on AML LSCs but barely detected on normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). CD9+ cells exhibit more resistance to chemotherapy drugs and higher migration potential than do CD9-negative (CD9−) cells. More importantly, CD9+ cells possess the ability to reconstitute human AML in immunocompromised mice and promote leukemia growth, suggesting that CD9+ cells define the LSC population. Furthermore, we identified that A2M plays a crucial role in maintaining CD9+ LSC stemness. Knockdown of A2M impairs drug resistance and migration of CD9+ cells. Our findings suggest that CD9 is a new biomarker of AML LSCs and is a promising therapeutic target.

14 citations