An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish adoption study of schizophrenia. II. The relationship between schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia.
01 Sep 1981-Archives of General Psychiatry (American Medical Association)-Vol. 38, Iss: 9, pp 982-984
TL;DR: The results replicate the findings of Kety and co-workers on borderline schizophrenia and support the validity of the diagnosis of SPD.
Abstract: To assess the relationship between schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) as defined in DSM-III, the interviews of relatives from the Danish Adoption Study of Schizophrenia were independently and blindly reevaluated. The prevalence of SPD was significantly higher in the biologic relatives of the schizophrenic adoptees than in the biologic relatives of matched controls and was low and equal in the two groups of adoptive relatives. Compared with "borderline" and uncertain borderline schizophrenia as defined by Kety and co-workers, the criteria for SPD were more specific but less sensitive in identifying biologic relatives of schizophrenics. In this sample, SPD has a strong genetic, but no familial-environmental, relationship to schizophrenia. These results replicate the findings of Kety and co-workers on borderline schizophrenia and support the validity of the diagnosis of SPD.
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TL;DR: These findings demonstrate that prospective ascertainment of individuals at risk for psychosis is feasible, with a level of predictive accuracy comparable to that in other areas of preventive medicine.
Abstract: Context Early detection and prospective evaluation of individuals who will develop schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders are critical to efforts to isolate mechanisms underlying psychosis onset and to the testing of preventive interventions, but existing risk prediction approaches have achieved only modest predictive accuracy. Objectives To determine the risk of conversion to psychosis and to evaluate a set of prediction algorithms maximizing positive predictive power in a clinical high-risk sample. Design, Setting, and Participants Longitudinal study with a 2½-year follow-up of 291 prospectively identified treatment-seeking patients meeting Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes criteria. The patients were recruited and underwent evaluation across 8 clinical research centers as part of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study. Main Outcome Measure Time to conversion to a fully psychotic form of mental illness. Results The risk of conversion to psychosis was 35%, with a decelerating rate of transition during the 2½-year follow-up. Five features assessed at baseline contributed uniquely to the prediction of psychosis: a genetic risk for schizophrenia with recent deterioration in functioning, higher levels of unusual thought content, higher levels of suspicion/paranoia, greater social impairment, and a history of substance abuse. Prediction algorithms combining 2 or 3 of these variables resulted in dramatic increases in positive predictive power (ie, 68%-80%) compared with the prodromal criteria alone. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that prospective ascertainment of individuals at risk for psychosis is feasible, with a level of predictive accuracy comparable to that in other areas of preventive medicine. They provide a benchmark for the rate and shape of the psychosis risk function against which standardized preventive intervention programs can be compared.
1,235 citations
Cites background from "An independent analysis of the Cope..."
...A genetic relationship between schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder has been detected in samples of families, twins, and adoptees.(30-36)...
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TL;DR: The evidence that certain deficits in information processing and attentional functioning are present across populations at risk for schizophrenic disorder, with active schizophrenic psychotic symptomatology, and in relative remission after a schizophrenic psychosis is examined.
Abstract: This article examines the evidence that certain deficits in information processing and attentional functioning are present across populations at risk for schizophrenic disorder, with active schizophrenic psychotic symptomatology, and in relative remission after a schizophrenic psychosis. In addition, the evidence that some deficits in processing information occur only in the actively psychotic period is inspected. Deficits in vigilance tasks with high-processing loads, in forced-choice span of apprehension for large arrays, and in serial recall for items that involve active rehearsal occur across risk populations, actively symptomatic schizophrenic patients, and relatively remitted schizophrenic patients. These deficits may reflect vulnerability factors for schizophrenic disorders. Reaction time crossover, dichotic listening, backward masking, and referential communication deficits might also be vulnerability indicators. These deficits may be related to a reduction in the processing capacity that is available for task-relevant cognitive operations in persons vulnerable to schizophrenic disorder, which could, in turn, be caused by several different underlying cognitive anomalies. Cognitive deficits that have been found only during actively psychotic periods or in chronic schizophrenic patients, such as poorer recognition of briefly presented, single, familiar letters or numbers, are characterized by low demands on processing capacity. These deficiencies may be caused by further reduction in available processing capacity or a temporary disruption of automatic as well as attention-demanding processes; they could also reflect a stable, more severe cognitive deficit in a subtype of schizophrenic disorder.
1,167 citations
TL;DR: A psychobiological model based on dimensions of cognitive/perceptual organization, impulsivity/aggression, affective instability, and anxiety/inhibition is proposed, which spans the DSM-III-R axis I and axis II disorders.
Abstract: A preliminary but growing body of evidence supports the existence of genetic and biological substrates of personality, suggesting the utility of a psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. The investigation of biological correlates of personality disorders can provide an empirical base to explore the relationship between biological predispositions and psychological function. The authors propose a psychobiological model based on dimensions of cognitive/perceptual organization, impulsivity/aggression, affective instability, and anxiety/inhibition. These dimensions span the DSM-III-R axis I and axis II disorders. The authors review phenomenological, genetic, and biological evidence in relation to each of these dimensions. Although such an approach remains heuristic, this model provides a promising vantage point from which to generate investigation of the development and treatment of the personality disorders.
641 citations
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that three factors of schizophrenic symptomatology observed in recent studies may reflect an exaggeration of three analogous factors found in the general population.
Abstract: While two factors are currently thought to underlie individual differences in schizotypal personality, three factors may best explain schizotypal traits. This study used confirmatory factor analysis to assess five competing models of schizotypal personality in the general population: null model, one-factor model, simple two-factor model, Kendler two-factor model, and three-factor model. The computer program LISREL was used to analyze Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire subscale scores that reflect the nine traits of schizotypal personality. The scores were obtained from (1) a sample of 822 undergraduates and (2) a replication sample of 102 subjects drawn from the community. Results indicate replicable support for a three-factor model reflecting cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal, and disorganized latent factors. Low intercorrelations between the first two factors and the lack of fit by a one-factor model are partially inconsistent with recent notions that a single vulnerability dimension underlies schizotypal personality. It is argued that future investigations should assess the correlates of all three schizotypal factors in clinical and nonclinical samples in addition to the two more traditional factors. It is hypothesized that three factors of schizophrenic symptomatology observed in recent studies may reflect an exaggeration of three analogous factors found in the general population.
565 citations
TL;DR: The development of a brief, 2-minute, 22-item self-report screening instrument, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B), for SPD, which contains a total scale score and three subscales to assess the three main factors of SPD.
Abstract: Currently there are no brief screening instruments for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) defined schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). This study reports the development of a brief, 2-minute, 22-item self-report screening instrument, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B), for SPD. Four independent subject samples provided the basis for test development. The SPQ-B contains a total scale score and three subscales to assess the three main factors of SPD, viz. Cognitive-Perceptual Deficits, Interpersonal Deficits, and Disorganization. Reliability for the scales averaged 0.76, and scale scores correlated significantly with independent clinical ratings of DSM-III-R schizotypal traits (average r = 0.62), indicating criterion validity for the scales. The SPQ-B is recommended for use in large-scale screening for SPD prior to a confirmatory clinical interview and also for dimensional research on the correlates of schizotypal features in the normal population.
496 citations
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01 Jun 1968
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Abstract: It's coming again, the new collection that this site has. To complete your curiosity, we offer the favorite dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias monograph series on schizophrenia no 1 book as the choice today. This is a book that will show you even new to old thing. Forget it; it will be right for you. Well, when you are really dying of dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias monograph series on schizophrenia no 1, just pick it. You know, this book is always making the fans to be dizzy if not to find.
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TL;DR: Two item sets were developed to provide diagnostic criteria for the two concepts Borderline Schizophrenia and Borderline Personality, which will be used in the forthcoming DSM-III classification for the categories of Borderline personality Disorder and Schizotypal Personality Disorder.
Abstract: • Although there is a large psychiatric literature on various "borderline" conditions, there has been no agreement as to the definition of the concept. A review of the literature reviewed two major uses of the term: Borderline Schizophrenia and Borderline Personality. Two item sets were developed to provide diagnostic criteria for the two concepts. High sensitivity and specificity were demonstrated for both item sets using data describing 808 borderline and 808 control patients. These criteria will be used in the forthcoming DSM-III classification for the categories of Borderline Personality Disorder and Schizotypal Personality Disorder.
562 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1972555 citations