An integrated model of the development of process-induced deformation in autoclave processing of composite structures
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Cites background or methods from "An integrated model of the developm..."
...Another common method is to directly measure the chemical shrinkage using a volumetric dilatometer [76–79] or a thermo-mechanical analyser (TMA) [34]....
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...A general overview was provided for the three different constitutive material models developed in literature: (i) linear elastic model [34, 35], (ii) viscoelastic model [96] and (iii) path dependent model [92]....
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...Throughthickness temperature gradients are very small for thin parts and can be neglected but for thicker parts, rapid heat generation with the lower thermal conductivity of composite may result in significant temperature and cure gradient [34]....
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...An example of a well-known semi-empirical autocatalytic model [34, 58, 59] is expressed as:...
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...In [64], the residual stresses and shape distortions were predicted using a linear elastic approach [34], a viscoelastic approach [96] and a path dependent method [92] for vacuum infusion processes of thermosetting composites....
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224 citations
Cites background from "An integrated model of the developm..."
...The amount of cure shrinkage causing residual stress build-up is not known for this material, but typical total volumetric cure shrinkage (Vsh T ) values quoted in the literature for epoxy resins range between 1 and 10% [20–22], depending on how measurements are performed and the type of resin used....
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"An integrated model of the developm..." refers methods in this paper
...At a given degree of cure, the temperature portion of this shift factor can be calculated using such relations as the Williams, Landel and Ferry (WLF) equation (Ferry, 1980): \ o g a S^LzIsL (2....
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...To obtain specimen elastic shear modulus, G(a>), from storage and loss modulus measurements, the following expression is often employed (Ferry, 1980):...
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...At a given degree of cure, the temperature portion of this shift factor can be calculated using such relations as the Williams, Landel and Ferry (WLF) equation (Ferry, 1980): \ o g a S^LzIsL (2.12) C2+(T-TS) where aT is the temperature shift factor, Ts is the reference temperature and C\ and C? are materialdependent constants. Calculation of the combined temperature/degree of cure shift factor would be somewhat more complex. A viscoelastic model developed specifically for curing resins is that of Dillman and Seferis (1989). These workers propose the following expression for describing DMA (dynamic mechanical analysis) data for a reacting system:...
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...A commonly used procedure, outlined in Flaggs and Crossman (1981), is to use experimental data to develop a master relaxation curve of modulus (or compliance) versus time (or frequency) at reference values of, in the current case, temperature and resin degree of cure....
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