An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures
01 Aug 1990-IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (IEEE Trans Biomed Eng)-Vol. 37, Iss: 8, pp 757-767
TL;DR: A model is developed of the human lower extremity to study how changes in musculoskeletal geometry and musculotendon parameters affect muscle force and its moment about the joints and the joint moments calculated with the model compare well with experimentally measured isometric joint moments.
Abstract: A model is developed of the human lower extremity to study how changes in musculoskeletal geometry and musculotendon parameters affect muscle force and its moment about the joints. The lines of action of 43 musculotendon actuators were defined based on their anatomical relationships to three-dimensional bone surface representations. A model for each actuator was formulated to compute its isometric force-length relation. The kinematics of the lower extremity were defined by modeling the hip, knee, ankle, subtalar, and metatarsophalangeal joints. Thus, the force and joint moment that each musculotendon actuator develops can be computed for any body position. The joint moments calculated with the model compare well with experimentally measured isometric joint moments. A graphical interface to the model has also been developed. It allows the user to visualize the musculoskeletal geometry and to manipulate the model parameters to study the biomechanical consequences of orthopaedic surgical procedures. For example, tendon transfer and lengthening procedures can be simulated by adjusting the model parameters according to various surgical techniques. Results of the simulated surgeries can be analyzed quickly in terms of postsurgery muscle forces and other biomechanical variables. >
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TL;DR: OpenSim is developed, a freely available, open-source software system that lets users develop models of musculoskeletal structures and create dynamic simulations of a wide variety of movements to simulate the dynamics of individuals with pathological gait and to explore the biomechanical effects of treatments.
Abstract: Dynamic simulations of movement allow one to study neuromuscular coordination, analyze athletic performance, and estimate internal loading of the musculoskeletal system. Simulations can also be used to identify the sources of pathological movement and establish a scientific basis for treatment planning. We have developed a freely available, open-source software system (OpenSim) that lets users develop models of musculoskeletal structures and create dynamic simulations of a wide variety of movements. We are using this system to simulate the dynamics of individuals with pathological gait and to explore the biomechanical effects of treatments. OpenSim provides a platform on which the biomechanics community can build a library of simulations that can be exchanged, tested, analyzed, and improved through a multi-institutional collaboration. Developing software that enables a concerted effort from many investigators poses technical and sociological challenges. Meeting those challenges will accelerate the discovery of principles that govern movement control and improve treatments for individuals with movement pathologies.
3,621 citations
Cites background or methods from "An interactive graphics-based model..."
...analyze models of the lower limb [17], [76], upper limb [21],...
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...The first comprises a set of modeling and analysis tools that complement those included in SIMM [17], [19]....
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...In the early 1990s, Delp and Loan introduced a musculoskeletal modeling environment, called SIMM [17]–[19], that lets users create, alter, and evaluate models of many different musculoskeletal structures [20]–[22]....
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TL;DR: This paper deals with methodological problems related to the reconstruction of the position and orientation of the human pelvis and the lower limb bones in space during the execution of locomotion and physical exercises using a stereophotogrammetric system.
1,513 citations
TL;DR: The modelling method presented represents a good way to estimate in vivo muscle forces during movement tasks and changing the muscle model to one that is more physiologically correct produced better predictions.
1,049 citations
Cites methods from "An interactive graphics-based model..."
...The anatomical model used in this study was a generic model of the lower limb based on male cadaver data (Delp et al., 1990) and it was assumed that the subjects were of similar anthropometric proportions....
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...Using SIMMt (Musculographics Inc.; Delp and Loan, 1995), a lower limb anatomical model was developed based on that created by Delp et al. (1990) and extended by Lloyd and Buchanan (1996)....
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TL;DR: In this study, the individual contributions of the ankle plantar flexors to the body segment energetics are examined using a musculoskeletal model and optimization framework to generate a forward dynamics simulation of normal walking at 1.5 m/s.
1,025 citations
Cites methods from "An interactive graphics-based model..."
...The model was dimensioned to represent a male subject with a height of 180 cm and a mass of 75 kg. Musculoskeletal geometry was based on Delp et al. (1990) and segment masses and inertial properties were determined using regression equations (Clauser et al., 1969; Chandler et al., 1975)....
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...The tibiofemoral joint was modeled with a moving center-of-rotation for flexionextension specified as functions of knee flexion angle (Delp et al., 1990)....
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...The patella was constrained to move along a prescribed trajectory relative to the femur as a function of knee flexion angle (Delp et al., 1990)....
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TL;DR: A model of the upper extremity that includes 15 degrees of freedom representing the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, thumb, and index finger, and 50 muscle compartments crossing these joints is developed and revealed coupling between joints, such as increased passive finger flexion moment with wrist extension.
Abstract: Biomechanical models of the musculoskeletal system are frequently used to study neuromuscular control and simulate surgical procedures. To be broadly applicable, a model must be accessible to users, provide accurate representations of muscles and joints, and capture important interactions between joints. We have developed a model of the upper extremity that includes 15 degrees of freedom representing the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, thumb, and index finger, and 50 muscle compartments crossing these joints. The kinematics of each joint and the force-generating parameters for each muscle were derived from experimental data. The model estimates the muscle-tendon lengths and moment arms for each of the muscles over a wide range of postures. Given a pattern of muscle activations, the model also estimates muscle forces and joint moments. The moment arms and maximum moment-generating capacity of each muscle group (e.g., elbow flexors) were compared to experimental data to assess the accuracy of the model. These comparisons showed that moment arms and joint moments estimated using the model captured important features of upper extremity geometry and mechanics. The model also revealed coupling between joints, such as increased passive finger flexion moment with wrist extension. The computer model is available to researchers at http://nmbl.stanford.edu.
912 citations
References
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TL;DR: The variation of isometric tetanus tension with sarcomere length in single fibres from frog striated muscle has been re‐investigated with special precautions to ensure uniformity of sarcomeres length within the part of the fibre being studied.
Abstract: 1. The variation of isometric tetanus tension with sarcomere length in single fibres from frog striated muscle has been re-investigated with special precautions to ensure uniformity of sarcomere length within the part of the fibre being studied.
2. In most respects the results of Ramsey & Street (1940) were confirmed, but (a) the peak of the curve was found to consist of a plateau between sarcomere lengths of 2·05 and 2·2 μ, (b) the decline of tension above this plateau is steeper than found by Ramsey & Street, and (c) the decline of tension below the plateau becomes suddenly steeper at a sarcomere length of about 1·67 μ.
3. Many features of this length—tension relation are simply explained on the sliding-filament theory.
4. It is concluded that, in the plateau and at greater lengths, the tension on each thin filament is made up of equal contributions from each bridge which it overlaps on adjacent thick filaments.
5. Internal resistance to shortening is negligible in this range but becomes progressively more important with shortening below the plateau.
2,969 citations
TL;DR: The architectural features of the major knee extensors and flexors and ankle plantarflexors and dorsiflexors were determined in three human cadavers and grouped according to whether they showed a predilection for tension or velocity of shortening.
Abstract: The architectural features of the major knee extensors and flexors and ankle plantar flexors and dorsiflexors were determined in three human cadavers. There was marked uniformity of fiber length throughout a given muscle and a trend toward similar fiber lengths within muscles of a synergistic group.
923 citations
TL;DR: Sina no study reports systematically colkctcd muscle liber length in all lower limb muscles, including hip muscles, so the following work is conducted.
544 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the levering action of the patella is an essential mechanism of knee joint operation at moderate to high flexion angles.
532 citations